Drawing graphs is an important problem that combines flavors of computational geometry and graph theory. Applications can be found in a variety of areas including circuit layout, network management, software engineering, and graphics. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: ffl We devise a model for dynamic graph algorithms, based on performing queries and updates on an implicit representation of the drawing, and we show its applications. ffl We present several efficient dynamic drawing algorithms for trees, series-parallel digraphs, planar st-digraphs, and planar graphs. These algorithms adopt a variety of representations (e.g., straight-line, polyline, visibility), and update the drawing in a smooth way.

We give an O(jV (G)j) time algorithm to assign vertical and horizontal segments to the vertices of any bipartite plane graph G so that (i) no two segments have an interior point in common, (ii) two segments touch each other if and only if the corresponding vertices are adjacent. As a corollary, we obtain a strengthening of the following theorem of Ringel and Petrovic. The edges of any maximal bipartite plane graph G with outer face bwb w can be colored by two colors such that the color classes form spanning trees of G b and G b , respectively. Furthermore, such a coloring can be found in linear time. Our method is based on a new linear time algorithm for constructing bipolar orientations of 2-connected plane graphs.

A k-path query on a graph consists of computing k vertex-disjoint paths between two given vertices of the graph, whenever they exist. In this paper, we study the problem of performing k-path queries, with k < 3, in a graph G with n vertices. We denote with the total length of the paths reported. For k < 3, we present an optimal data structure for G that uses O(n) space and executes k-path queries in output-sensitive O() time. For triconnected planar graphs, our results make use of a new combinatorial structure that plays the same role as bipolar (st) orientations for biconnected planar graphs. This combinatorial structure also yields an alternative construction of convex grid drawings of triconnected planar graphs.

We present the first data structure to maintain an embedded planar graph under arbitrary edge insertions, arbitrary edge deletions and queries that test whether the insertion of a new edge would violate the planarity of the embedding. Our data structure supports online updates and queries on an n--vertex embedded planar graph in O(log 2 n) worst--case time, it can be built in O(n) time and requires O(n) space. This work was supported in part by ESPRIT BRA ALCOM II under contract no. 7141 and by the Italian MURST Project "Algoritmi, Modelli di Calcolo e Strutture Informative". A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 1st European Symposium on Algorithms, Bad Honnef, Bonn, Germany [10]. y Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Universit`a di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy. On leave from IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. z Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. The research of this author was supported by a NATO Scienc...

The problem of finding a maximum spanning planar subgraph of a nonplanar graph is NP-Complete. Several heuristics for the problem have been devised but their worst-case performance is unknown, although a trivial lower bound of 1/3 the optimum number of edges is easily shown. We discuss a new heuristic, based on spanning trees, for generating a subgraph with size at least 2/3 of the optimum for any input graph. The skewness of the n-dimensional hypercube Qn is also derived. Finally, we explore the relationship between the skewness and crossing number of a graph.

The fully dynamic planarity testing problem consists of performing an arbitrary sequence of the following three kinds of operations on a planar graph G: (i) insert an edge if the resultant graph remains planar; (ii) delete an edge; and (iii) test whether an edge could be added to the graph without violating planarity. We show how to support each of the above operations in O(n2=3) time, where n is the number of vertices in the graph. The bound for tests and deletions is worst-case, while the bound for insertions is amortized. This is the first algorithm for this problem with sub-linear running time, and it affirmatively answers a question posed in [11]. The same data structure has further applications in maintaining the biconnected and triconnected components of a dynamic planar graph. The time bounds are the same: O(n2=3) worst-case time per edge deletion, O(n2=3) amortized time per edge insertion, and O(n2=3) worst-case time to check whether two vertices are either biconnected or triconnected.

Graph Drawing (also known as Graph Visualization) tackles the problem of representing graphs on a visual medium such as computer screen, printer etc. Many applications such as software engineering, data base design, project planning, VLSI design, multimedia etc., have data structures that can be represented as graphs. With the ever increasing complexity of these and new applications, and availability of hardware supporting visualization, the area of graph drawing is increasingly getting more attention from both practitioners and researchers. In a typical drawing of a graph, the vertices are represented as symbols such as circles, dots or boxes, etc., and the edges are drawn as continuous curves joining their end points. Often, the edges are simply drawn as (straight- or poly-) lines joining their end points (and hence the title of this thesis), followed by an optional transformation into smooth curves. The goal of research in graph drawing is to develop techniques for constructing good...

We give an algorithm for the Dynamic Transitive Closure Problem for planar directed acyclic graphs with one source and one sink. The graph can be updated in logarithmic time under arbitrary edge insertions and deletions that preserve the embedding. Queries of the form `is there a directed path from u to v?' for arbitrary vertices u and v can be answered in logarithmic time. The size of the data structure and the initialisation time are linear in the number of edges. We also give a lower bound of###26 n/ log log n) on the amortised complexity of the problem in the cell probe model with logarithmic word size.

An incremental algorithm (also called a dynamic update algorithm) updates the answer to some problem after an incremental change is made in the input. We examine methods for bounding the performance of such algorithms. First, quite general but relatively weak bounds are considered, along with a careful examination of the conditions under which they hold. Next, a more powerful proof method, the Incremental Relative Lower Bound is presented, along with its application to a number of important problems. We then examine an alternative approach, delta-analysis, which had been proposed previously, apply it to several new problems and show how it can be extended. For the specific problem of updating the transitive closure of an acyclic digraph, we present the first known incremental algorithm that is efficient in the delta-analysis sense. Finally, we criti...