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494
ECOSystem: Managing Energy as a First Class Operating System Resource
, 2002
"... Energy consumption has recently been widely recognized as a major challenge of computer systems design. This paper explores how to support energy as a first-class operating system resource. Energy, because of its global system nature, presents challenges beyond those of conventional resource managem ..."
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Cited by 220 (5 self)
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Energy consumption has recently been widely recognized as a major challenge of computer systems design. This paper explores how to support energy as a first-class operating system resource. Energy, because of its global system nature, presents challenges beyond those of conventional resource management. To meet these challenges we propose the Currentcy Model that unifies energy accounting over diverse hardware components and enables fair allocation of available energy among applications. Our particular goal is to extend battery lifetime by limiting the average discharge rate and to share this limited resource among competing tasks according to user preferences. To demonstrate how our framework supports explicit control over the battery resource we implemented ECOSystem, a modified Linux, that incorporates our currentcy model. Experimental results show that ECOSystem accurately accounts for the energy consumed by asynchronous device operation, can achieve a target battery lifetime, and proportionally shares the limited energy resource among competing tasks.
VirtualPower: Coordinated Power Management in Virtualized Enterprise Systems
- In Proceedings of International Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP
, 2007
"... Power management has become increasingly necessary in large-scale datacenters to address costs and limitations in cooling or power delivery. This paper explores how to integrate power management mechanisms and policies with the virtualization technologies being actively deployed in these environment ..."
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Cited by 154 (12 self)
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Power management has become increasingly necessary in large-scale datacenters to address costs and limitations in cooling or power delivery. This paper explores how to integrate power management mechanisms and policies with the virtualization technologies being actively deployed in these environments. The goals of the proposed VirtualPower approach to online power management are (i) to support the isolated and independent operation assumed by guest virtual machines (VMs) running on virtualized platforms and (ii) to make it possible to control and globally coordinate the effects of the diverse power management policies applied by these VMs to virtualized resources. To attain these goals, VirtualPower extends to guest VMs ‘soft ’ versions of the hardware power states for which their policies are designed. The resulting technical challenge is to appropriately map VM-level updates made to soft power states to actual changes in the states or in the allocation of underlying virtualized hardware. An implementation of VirtualPower Management (VPM) for the Xen hypervisor addresses this challenge by provision of multiple system-level abstractions including VPM states, channels, mechanisms, and rules. Experimental evaluations on modern multicore platforms highlight resulting improvements in online power management capabilities, including minimization of power consumption with little or no performance penalties and the ability to throttle power consumption while still meeting application requirements. Finally, coordination of online methods for server consolidation with VPM management techniques in heterogeneous server systems is shown to provide up to 34% improvements in power consumption.
Energy-Efficient Soft Real-Time CPU Scheduling for Mobile Multimedia Systems
- Proc. Symp. Operating Systems Principles
, 2003
"... This paper presents GRACE-OS, an energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduler for mobile devices that primarily run multimedia applications. The major goal of GRACE-OS is to support application quality of service and save energy. To achieve this goal, GRACE-OS integrates dynamic voltage scaling int ..."
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Cited by 145 (8 self)
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This paper presents GRACE-OS, an energy-efficient soft real-time CPU scheduler for mobile devices that primarily run multimedia applications. The major goal of GRACE-OS is to support application quality of service and save energy. To achieve this goal, GRACE-OS integrates dynamic voltage scaling into soft real-time scheduling and decides how fast to execute applications in addition to when and how long to execute them. GRACE-OS makes such scheduling decisions based on the probability distribution of application cycle de-mands, and obtains the demand distribution via online pro-filing and estimation. We have implemented GRACE-OS in the Linux kernel and evaluated it on an HP laptop with a variable-speed CPU and multimedia codecs. Our experi-mental results show that (1) the demand distribution of the studied codecs is stable or changes smoothly. This stability implies that it is feasible to perform stochastic scheduling and voltage scaling with low overhead; (2) GRACE-OS de-livers soft performance guarantees by bounding the dead-line miss ratio under application-specific requirements; and (3) GRACE-OS reduces CPU idle time and spends more busy time in lower-power speeds. Our measurement indi-cates that compared to deterministic scheduling and volt-age scaling, GRACE-OS saves energy by 7 % to 72 % while delivering statistical performance guarantees.
Process Cruise Control: Event-Driven Clock Scaling for Dynamic Power Management
, 2002
"... Scalability of the core frequency is a common feature of low-power processor architectures. Many heuristics for frequency scaling were proposed in the past to find the best trade-off between energy efficiency and computational performance. With complex applications exhibiting unpredictable behavior ..."
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Cited by 124 (5 self)
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Scalability of the core frequency is a common feature of low-power processor architectures. Many heuristics for frequency scaling were proposed in the past to find the best trade-off between energy efficiency and computational performance. With complex applications exhibiting unpredictable behavior these heuristics cannot reliably adjust the operation point of the hardware because they do not know where the energy is spent and why the performance is lost. Embedded hardware monitors in the form of event counters have proven to offer valuable information in the field of performance analysis. We will demonstrate that counter values can also reveal the power-specific characteristics of a thread. In this paper we propose an energy-aware scheduling policy for non-real-time operating systems that benefits from event counters. By exploiting the information from these counters, the scheduler determines the appropriate clock frequency for each individual thread running in a time-sharing environment. A recurrent analysis of the thread-specific energy and performance profile allows an adjustment of the frequency to the behavioral changes of the application. While the clock frequency may vary in a wide range, the application performance should only suffer slightly. Because of the similarity to a car cruise control, we called our scheduling policy Process Cruise Control. This adaptive clock scaling is accomplished by the operating system without any application support. Process Cruise Control has been implemented on the Intel XScale architecture, that offers a variety of frequencies and a set of configurable event counters. Energy measurements of the target architecture under variable load show the advantage of the proposed approach.
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Compiler Algorithm for CPU Energy Reduction
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF ACM SIGPLAN CONFERENCE ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
, 2003
"... This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler algorithm that effectively optimizes programs for energy usage using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). The algorithm identifies program regions where the CPU can be slowed down with negligible performance loss. It is implemented as a sourc ..."
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Cited by 124 (7 self)
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler algorithm that effectively optimizes programs for energy usage using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). The algorithm identifies program regions where the CPU can be slowed down with negligible performance loss. It is implemented as a source-to-source level transformation using the SUIF2 compiler infrastructure. Physical measurements on a high-performance laptop show that total system (i.e., laptop) energy savings of up to 28% can be achieved with performance degradation of less than 5% for the SPECfp95 benchmarks. On average, the system energy and energydelay product are reduced by 11% and 9%, respectively, with a performance slowdown of 2%. It was also discovered that the energy usage of the programs using our DVS algorithm is within 6% from the theoretical lower bound. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first work that evaluates DVS algorithms by physical measurements.
Vertigo: Automatic performance-setting for linux
, 2002
"... Combining high performance with low power consumption is becoming one of the primary objectives of processor designs. Instead of relying just on sleep mode for conserving power, an increasing number of processors take advantage of the fact that reducing the clock frequency and corresponding operati ..."
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Cited by 121 (4 self)
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Combining high performance with low power consumption is becoming one of the primary objectives of processor designs. Instead of relying just on sleep mode for conserving power, an increasing number of processors take advantage of the fact that reducing the clock frequency and corresponding operating voltage of the CPU can yield quadratic decrease in energy use. However, performance reduction can only be beneficial if it is done transparently, without causing the software to miss its deadlines. In this paper, we describe the implementation and performance-setting algorithms used in
Power-aware Scheduling for Periodic Real-time Tasks
- IEEE Transactions on Computers
, 2004
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Scheduling with dynamic voltage/speed adjustment using slack reclamation in multi-processor real-time systems
- IEEE TRANS. ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
, 2003
"... The high power consumption of modern processors becomes a major concern because it leads to decreased mission duration (for battery-operated systems), increased heat dissipation, and decreased reliability. While many techniques have been proposed to reduce power consumption for uniprocessor systems ..."
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Cited by 117 (11 self)
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The high power consumption of modern processors becomes a major concern because it leads to decreased mission duration (for battery-operated systems), increased heat dissipation, and decreased reliability. While many techniques have been proposed to reduce power consumption for uniprocessor systems, there has been considerably less work on multiprocessor systems. In this paper, based on the concept of slack sharing among processors, we propose two novel power-aware scheduling algorithms for task sets with and without precedence constraints executing on multiprocessor systems. These scheduling techniques reclaim the time unused by a task to reduce the execution speed of future tasks and, thus, reduce the total energy consumption of the system. We also study the effect of discrete voltage/speed levels on the energy savings for multiprocessor systems and propose a new scheme of slack reservation to incorporate voltage/speed adjustment overhead in the scheduling algorithms. Simulation and trace-based results indicate that our algorithms achieve substantial energy savings on systems with variable voltage processors. Moreover, processors with a few discrete voltage/speed levels obtain nearly the same energy savings as processors with continuous voltage/speed, and the effect of voltage/speed adjustment overhead on the energy savings is relatively small.
2005b], A PowerAware Run-Time System for High-Performance Computing
- in ‘ACM/IEEE SC2005: The International Conference on High-Performance Computing, Networking, and Storage
"... For decades, the high-performance computing (HPC) community has focused on performance, where performance is defined as speed. To achieve better performance per compute node, microproces-sor vendors have not only doubled the number of transistors (and speed) every 18-24 months, but they have also do ..."
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Cited by 106 (11 self)
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For decades, the high-performance computing (HPC) community has focused on performance, where performance is defined as speed. To achieve better performance per compute node, microproces-sor vendors have not only doubled the number of transistors (and speed) every 18-24 months, but they have also doubled the power densities. Consequently, keeping a large-scale HPC system func-tioning properly requires continual cooling in a large machine room, thus resulting in substantial operational costs. Furthermore, the in-crease in power densities has led (in part) to a decrease in system reliability, thus leading to lost productivity. To address these problems, we propose a power-aware algorithm that automatically and transparently adapts its voltage and frequency settings to achieve significant power reduction and energy savings with minimal impact on performance. Specifically, we leverage a commodity technology called “dynamic voltage and frequency scaling ” to implement our power-aware algorithm in the run-time system of commodity HPC systems. 1.
A framework of energy efficient mobile sensing for automatic user state recognition
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MOBILE SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS, AND SERVICES (MOBISYS
, 2009
"... Urban sensing, participatory sensing, and user activity recognition can provide rich contextual information for mobile applications such as social networking and location-based services. However, continuously capturing this contextual information on mobile devices is difficult due to battery life li ..."
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Cited by 105 (7 self)
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Urban sensing, participatory sensing, and user activity recognition can provide rich contextual information for mobile applications such as social networking and location-based services. However, continuously capturing this contextual information on mobile devices is difficult due to battery life limitations. In this paper, we present the framework design for an Energy Efficient Mobile Sensing System (EEMSS) that powers only necessary and energy efficient sensors and manages sensors hierarchically to recognize user state as well as detect state transitions. We also present the design, implementation, and evaluation of EEMSS that automatically recognizes user daily activities in real time using sensors on an off-the-shelf high-end smart phone. Evaluation of EEMSS with 10 users over one week shows that it increases the smart phone’s battery life by more than 75% while maintaining both high accuracy and low latency in identifying transitions between end-user activities.
