This article is organized as follows. The next section is the literature review on current Web evaluation studies, and motivational and job satisfaction theories in organizational behavior. The following section describes the empirical study methodology including Phase I for identifying design factors, and Phase II for identifying the hygiene and motivator characteristics of the factors. Finally, the researchers discuss the implications of the findings, some limitations, and directions for future research. Among the handful of empirical studies, Wilkinson, Ben- nett, and Oliver (t997) first took a bottom-up approach by compiling Internet evaluation criteria from different sources. Then they asked 30 Web evaluation experts to judge the importance of the criteria and whether a particular indicator rated for information quality or Website quality. The results of the survey showed that 71 information quality indicators and 67 Website quality indicators can be used to evaluate the quality of Internet information sources. With a similar focus on Internet information resource quality, Borges, Morales, and Rodriguez (1998) staffed from Nielsen 's (1993) heuristics guidelines to evaluate 10 Websites for universities and colleges. Next, they did user testing of the guidelines by redesigning and retesting the university Websites, and then tested commercial Websites using the guidelines. Revised guidelines eventually were generated for designing usable Web pages. Spool et al. (1999) focused on information retrieval tasks and conducted usability studies on several large companies' Websites. Despite these studies in Web-user interface design and evaluation, the testing or use of theoretical models is still rare. "Many empirical studies of interactive computer use have no theoretical ...

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this article to models of decision making that involve active generation of new options by the decision maker (cf. Langer, 1994); we will return to this point in our concluding section

With the fast development and increasing use of the World Wide Web as both an information seeking and an electronic commerce tool, web usability studies grow in importance. While web designers have largely focused on functional aspects of websites, there has been little systematic attention to (1) the motivational issues of web user interface design or (2) a theoretically driven approach to web user satisfaction studies. The objective of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework and foundation for systematically investigating features in the web environment that contribute to user satisfaction with a web interface. This research uses Herzberg's [1] motivation-hygiene theory to guide the identification of these features. Among the implications and contributions of this research are the identification of web design features that may maximize the likelihood of user satisfaction and return visits to the web site.

Abstract—Although projective techniques continue to be widely used in clinical and forensic settings, their scientific status remains highly controversial. In this monograph, we review the current state of the literature concerning the psychometric properties (norms, reliability, validity, incremental validity, treatment utility) of three major projective instruments: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and human figure drawings. We conclude that there is empirical support for the validity of a small number of indexes derived from the Rorschach and TAT. However, the substantial majority of Rorschach and TAT indexes are not empirically supported. The validity evidence for human figure drawings is even more limited. With a few exceptions, projective indexes have not consistently demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond other psychometric data. In addition, we summarize

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parsing, microworlds, feedback, phonology, human-computer interaction, stages, translation,

After decades of study, there is no consensus as to whether entrepreneurs have a higher risk propensity than do managers. We overcome a variety of limitations in narrative reviews by using psychometric meta-analysis to mathematically cumulate the literature on entrepreneurial risk propensity. The results indicate that entrepreneurs have at least a moderately higher level of risk propensity than do managers, a finding with important implications for further research. Entrepreneurial dispositions are a fundamental element in the development of a theory of the entrepreneur (Carland, Hoy, Boulton, & Carland, 1984; Johnson, 1990). Accordingly, inquiry has attempted to isolate and explain the psychological antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior. One of the most prominent themes is the entrepreneur’s propensity for risk taking (Carland et al., 1984; Long, 1983), or risk propensity, an individual’s willingness to take or avoid risk. While rich conceptualizations of entrepreneurial risk propensity have permeated the literature since Cantillion’s (circa 1700) description of the entrepreneur as a bearer of risk (Kilby, 1971), empirical evidence concerning the distinctiveness of the entrepreneur’s risk propensity appears inconsistent. Reviews of the literature (e.g., Brockhaus & Horwitz, 1986; Chell, 1985; Perry, 1990) have described the contradictory results in individual studies concerning hypothesized differences in the risk propensities of entrepreneurs and managers. As a result, reviewers have often concluded that entrepreneurs do not have a distinctive

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The rapid advance in technology, notably computing and communications technology (C&C), has meant that products of an increasingly intangible nature are being developed. Digital products are often being substituted for hardware products and are growing in dimensionality and complexity. This creates a problem for firms having to decide how to charge for such complex products, parts of which being easily accessible for free. Firms are, therefore, reaching for new methods of pricing to capture the value of their products, thus introducing bundling and pricing combinations not thought of previously to be able to capture a satisfactory value for the total product. Pricing then becomes an act of innovation. This thesis addresses this aspect of strategy under the name Innovative Pricing (IP).