Fusion laws permit to eliminate various of the intermediate data structures that are created in function compositions. The fusion laws associated with the traditional recursive operators on datatypes cannot in general be used to transform recursive programs with effects. Motivated by this fact, this paper addresses the definition of two recursive operators on datatypes that capture functional programs with effects. Effects are assumed to be modeled by monads. The main goal is thus the derivation of fusion laws for the new operators. One of the new operators is called monadic unfold. It captures programs (with effects) that generate a data structure in a standard way. The other operator is called monadic hylomorphism, and corresponds to programs formed by the composition of a monadic unfold followed by a function defined by structural induction on the data structure that the monadic unfold generates. 1 Introduction A common approach to program design in functional programmin...

Given are a directed edge-labelled graph G with a distinguished node n0, and a regular expression P which may contain variables. We wish to compute all substitutions φ (of symbols for variables), together with all nodes n such that all paths n0 → n are in φ(P). We derive an algorithm for this problem using relational algebra, and show how it may be implemented in Prolog. The motivation for the problem derives from a declarative framework for specifying compiler optimisations. 1 Bob Paige and IFIP WG 2.1 Bob Paige was a long-standing member of IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi. In recent years, the main aim of this group has been to investigate the derivation of algorithms from specifications by program transformation. Already in the mid-eighties, Bob was way ahead of the pack: instead of applying transformational techniques to well-worn examples, he was applying his theories of program transformation to new problems, and discovering new algorithms [16, 48, 52]. The secret of his success lay partly in his insistence on the study of general algorithm design strategies (in particular

this paper, we propose a new theory on monadic catamorphism bymoving Fokkinga's assumption on the monad to the condition of a map between monadic algebras so that our theory is valid for arbitrary monads including, for example, the state monad that is not allowed in Fokkinga's theory. Our theory covers Fokkinga's as a special case. Moreover, Meijer and Jeuring's informal transformation rules of monadic programs in their case study is actually an instance of our general promotion theorem.

Monads are commonplace programming devices that are used to uniformly structure computations with effects such as state, exceptions, and I/O. This paper further develops the monadic programming paradigm by investigating the extent to which monadic computations can be optimised by using generalisations of short cut fusion to eliminate monadic structures whose sole purpose is to “glue together ” monadic program components. We make several contributions. First, we show that every inductive type has an associated build combinator and an associated short cut fusion rule. Second, we introduce the notion of an inductive monad to describe those monads that give rise to inductive types, and we give examples of such monads which are widely used in functional programming. Third, we generalise the standard augment combinators and cata/augment fusion rules for algebraic data types to types induced by inductive monads. This allows us to give the first cata/augment rules for some common data types, such as rose trees. Fourth, we demonstrate the practical applicability of our generalisations by providing Haskell implementations for all concepts and examples in the paper. Finally, we offer deep theoretical insights by showing that the augment combinators are monadic in nature, and thus that our cata/build and cata/augment rules are arguably the best generally applicable fusion rules obtainable.

Comonads are mathematical structures that account naturally for effects that derive from the context in which a program is executed. This paper reports ongoing work on the interaction between recursion and comonads. Two applications are shown that naturally lead to versions of a comonadic fold operator on the product comonad. Both versions capture functions that require extra arguments for their computation and are related with the notion of strong datatype. 1 Introduction One of the main features of recursive operators derivable from datatype definitions is that they impose a structure upon programs which can be exploited for program transformation. Recursive operators structure functional programs according to the data structures they traverse or generate and come equipped with a battery of algebraic laws, also derivable from type definitions, which are used in program calculations [24, 11, 5, 15]. Some of these laws, the so-called fusion laws, are particularly interesting in p...

Abstract Many functions have to be written over and over again for different datatypes, either because datatypes change during the development of programs, or because functions with similar functionality are needed on different datatypes. Examples of such functions are pretty printers, pattern matchers, equality functions, unifiers, rewriting functions, etc. Such functions are called polytypic functions. A polytypic function is a function that is defined by induction on the structure of user-defined datatypes. This thesis introduces polytypic functions, shows how to construct and reason about polytypic functions and describes the implementation of the polytypic programming system PolyP. PolyP extends a functional language (a subset of Haskell) with a construct for writing polytypic functions. The extended language type checks definitions of polytypic functions, and infers the types of all other expressions. Programs in the extended language are translated to Haskell.

Datatype-generic programming involves parametrization by the shape of data, in the form of type constructors such as ‘list of’. Most approaches to datatype-generic programming are developed in the lazy functional programming language Haskell. We argue that the functional object-oriented language Scala is in many ways a better setting. Not only does Scala provide equivalents of all the necessary functional programming features (such parametric polymorphism, higher-order functions, higher-kinded type operations, and type- and constructor-classes), but it also provides the most useful features of object-oriented languages (such as subtyping, overriding, traditional single inheritance, and multiple inheritance in the form of traits). We show how this combination of features benefits datatype-generic programming, using three different approaches as illustrations.

Pure functional languages such as Haskell support programming with impure effects by exploiting mathematical notions such as monads, applicative functors, and arrows. However, in contrast to the wealth of research on the use of these notions to write effectful programs, there has been comparatively little progress on reasoning about the resulting programs. In this article we focus on this problem, using a simple but instructive example concerned with relabelling binary trees. 1

This paper describes calculational properties of fold, a recursive functional on inductive types that extends the standard catamorphism [MFP91] to global parameters. As described by Cockett and Spencer [CS91] fold is definable for those inductive types that are strong in the sense of being given by an algebra that happens to be initial with parameters. The laws for fold are presented in two groups. The first one corresponds to standard laws for catamorphisms now adapted to folds when these are regarded as catamorphisms in a category of so-called X-actions (for X an object of parameters). The second group contains laws that describe the combination of folds and the interaction between folds and catamorphisms. 1 Introduction In programming semantics, a recursive type is understood as a solution of a recursive type equation. Least fixpoints of covariant recursive type equations correspond to the so-called inductive types which contain only finite elements, like natural numbers, lists o...

This paper investigates corecursive definitions which are at the same time monadic. This corresponds to functions that generate a data structure following a corecursive process, while producing a computational effect modeled by a monad. We introduce a functional, called monadic anamorphism, that captures definitions of this kind. We also explore another class of monadic recursive functions, corresponding to the composition of a monadic anamorphism followed by (the lifting of) a function defined by structural recursion on the data structure that the monadic anamorphism generates. Such kind of functions are captured by so-called monadic hylomorphism. We present transformation laws for these monadic functionals. Two non-trivial applications are also described.