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We define the nondeterministic complexity of a finite automaton and show that there exist, for any integer p>=1, automata which need \Theta(k^{1/p}) nondeterministic transitions to spell words of length k. This leads to a subdivision of the family of recognizable M-subsets of a free monoid into a hierarchy whose members are indexed by polynomials, where M denotes the Min--Plus semiring.

this paper, based on notes by R. Beals and M. Spivak, methods of nite semigroups were introduced to obtain some of the results of G. Hedlund.

Codes play an important role in the study of combinatorics on words. Recently, we introduced pcodes that play a role in the study of combinatorics on partial words. Partial words are strings over a finite alphabet that may contain a number of “do not know ” symbols. In this paper, the theory of codes of words is revisited starting from pcodes of partial words. We present some important properties of pcodes. We give several equivalent definitions of pcodes and the monoids they generate. We investigate in particular the Defect Theorem for partial words. We describe an algorithm to test whether or not a finite set of partial words is a pcode. We also discuss two-element pcodes, complete pcodes, maximal pcodes, and the class of circular pcodes. A World Wide Web server interface has been established at

The computation language of a DNA-based system consists of all the words (DNA strands) that can appear in any computation step of the system. In this work we define properties of languages which ensure that the words of such languages will not form undesirable bonds when used in DNA computations. We give several characterizations of the desired properties and provide methods for obtaining languages with such properties. The decidability of these properties is addressed as well. As an application we consider splicing systems whose computation language is free of certain undesirable bonds and is generated by nearly optimal comma-free codes. 1 Introduction DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in every cellular organism as the storage medium for genetic information. It is composed of units called nucleotides, distinguished by the chemical group, or base, attached to them. The four bases, are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, abbreviated as A, G, C, and T . (The names of th...

Classically, several properties and relations of words, such as "being a power of a same word", can be expressed by using word equations. This paper is devoted to study in general the expressive power of word equations. As main results we prove theorems which allow us to show that certain properties of words are not expressible as components of solutions of word equations. In particular, "the primitiveness" and "the equal length" are such properties, as well as being "any word over a proper subalphabet".

The study of combinatorics on words, or finite sequences of symbols from a finite alphabet, finds applications in several areas of biology, computer science, mathematics, and physics. Molecular biology, in particular, has stimulated considerable interest in the study of combinatorics on partial words that are sequences that may have a number of “do not know ” symbols also called “holes”. This paper is devoted to a fundamental result on periods of words, the Critical Factorization Theorem, which states that the period of a word is always locally detectable in at least one position of the word resulting in a corresponding critical factorization. Here, we describe precisely the class of partial words w with one hole for which the weak period is locally detectable in at least one position of w. Our proof provides an algorithm which computes a critical factorization when one exists. A World Wide Web server interface at

: Kraft's inequality [9] is essential for the classical theory of noiseless coding [1, 8]. In algorithmic information theory [5, 7, 2] one needs an extension of Kraft's condition from finite sets to (infinite) recursively enumerable sets. This extension, known as Kraft-Chaitin Theorem, was obtained by Chaitin in his seminal paper [4] (see also, [3, 2]). The aim of this note is to offer a simpler proof of Kraft-Chaitin Theorem based on a new construction of the prefix-free code. Keywords: Kraft inequality, Kraft-Chaitin inequality, prefix-free codes. 1 Prerequisites Denote by N = f0; 1; 2; : : :g the set of non-negative integers. If X is a finite set, then #X denotes the cardinality of X . Fix A = fa 1 ; : : : ; aQ g; Q 2, a finite alphabet. By A we denote the set of all strings x 1 x 2 : : : xn with elements x i 2 A (1 i n); the empty string is denoted by . For x in A ; jxj is the length of x (jj = 0). For p 2 N, A p = fx 2 A j jxj = pg is the set of all strings of len...

Several measures are defined and investigated, which allow the comparison of codes as to their robustness against errors. Then new universal and complete sequences of variable-length codewords are proposed, based on representing the integers in a binary Fibonacci numeration system. Each sequence is constant and need not be generated for every probability distribution. These codes can be used as alternatives to Huffman codes when the optimal compression of the latter is not required, and simplicity, faster processing and robustness are preferred. The codes are compared on several "real-life" examples. 1. Motivation and Introduction Let A = fA 1 ; A 2 ; \Delta \Delta \Delta ; An g be a finite set of elements, called cleartext elements, to be encoded by a static uniquely decipherable (UD) code. For notational ease, we use the term `code' as abbreviation for `set of codewords'; the corresponding encoding and decoding algorithms are always either given or clear from the context. A code i...

We prove new results about the remarkable infinite simple groups introduced by Richard Thompson in the 1960s. We define the groups as partial transformation groups and we give a faithful representation in the Cuntz C ⋆-algebra. For the finitely presented simple group Tfin we show that the word-length and the table size satisfy an n log n relation, just like the symmetric groups. We show that the word problem of Tfin belongs to the parallel complexity class AC 1 (a subclass of P). We show that the generalized word problem of Tfin is undecidable. We study the distortion functions of Tfin and we show that Tfin contains all finite direct products of finitely generated free groups as subgroups with linear distortion. As a consequence, up to polynomial equivalence of functions, the following three sets are the same: the set of distortions of Tfin, the set of all Dehn functions of finitely presented groups, and the set of time complexity functions of nondeterministic Turing machines. 1