We adopt the untyped imperative object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli as a minimal setting in which to study problems of compilation and program equivalence that arise when compiling objectoriented languages. We present both a big-step and a small-step substitution-based operational semantics for the calculus. Our rst two results are theorems asserting the equivalence of our substitutionbased semantics with a closure-based semantics like that given by Abadi and Cardelli. Our third result is a direct proof of the correctness of compilation to a stack-based abstract machine via a small-step decompilation algorithm. Our fourth result is that contextual equivalence of objects coincides with a form of Mason and Talcott's CIU equivalence; the latter provides a tractable means of establishing operational equivalences. Finally, we prove correct an algorithm, used in our prototype compiler, for statically resolving method osets. This is the rst study of correctness of an object-oriented abstract machine, and of operational equivalence for the imperative object calculus.

) Maria C. F. Ferreira 1 and Delia Kesner 2 and Laurence Puel 2 1 Dep. de Inform'atica, Fac. de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Univ. Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2825 Monte de Caparica, Portugal, cf@fct.unl.pt. 2 CNRS & Lab. de Rech. en Informatique, Bat 490, Univ. de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, fkesner,puelg@lri.fr. Abstract. We study preservation of fi-strong normalization by d and dn , two confluent -calculi with explicit substitutions defined in [10]; the particularity of these calculi is that both have a composition operator for substitutions. We develop an abstract simulation technique allowing to reduce preservation of fi-strong normalization of one calculus to that of another one, and apply said technique to reduce preservation of fi-strong normalization of d and dn to that of f , another calculus having no composition operator. Then, preservation of fi-strong normalization of f is shown using the same technique as in [2]. As a consequence, d and dn become the fir...

Explicit substitutions calculi are formal systems that implement fi-reduction by means of an internal substitution operator. In that calculi it is possible to delay the application of a substitution to a term or to consider terms with partially applied substitutions. The oe -calculus of explicit substitutions, proposed by Abadi, Cardelli, Curien andL evy, is a first-order rewriting system that implements substitution and renaming mechanism of -calculus. However, oe does not preserve strong normalisation of -calculus and it is not a confluent system. Typed variants of oe without composition are strongly normalising but not confluent, while variants with composition are confluent but do not preserve strong normalisation. Neither of them enjoys both properties. In this paper we propose the i -calculus. This is, as far as we know, the first confluent calculus of explicit substitutions that preserves strong normalisation. 1. Explicit substitutions The -calculus is a higher-order theor...

This paper studies confluence of extensional and non-extensional -calculi with explicit substitutions, where extensionality is interpreted by j-expansion. For that, we propose a scheme for explicit substitutions which describes those abstract properties that are sufficient to guarantee confluence. Our method makes it possible to treat at the same time many well-known calculi such as oe , oe * , OE , s , AE , f , d and dn . Keywords: functional programming, -calculi, explicit substitutions, confluence, extensionality. 1 Introduction The -calculus is a convenient framework to study functional programming, where the evaluation process is modeled by fi-reduction. The main mechanism used to perform fi-reduction is substitution, which consists of the replacement of formal parameters by actual arguments. The correctness of substitution is guaranteed by a systematic renaming of bound variables, inconvenient which can be simply avoided in the -calculus `a la de Bruijn by using natur...

: Explicit substitutions calculi are formal systems that implement fi-reduction by means of an internal substitution operator. Thus, in that calculi it is possible to delay the application of a substitution to a term or to consider terms with partially applied substitutions. This feature is useful, for instance, to represent incomplete proofs in type based proof systems. The oe -calculus of explicit substitutions proposed by Abadi, Cardelli, Curien and L'evy gives an elegant way to deal with management of variable names and substitutions of -calculus. However, oe does not preserve strong normalisation of -calculus and it is not a confluent system. Typed variants of oe without composition are strongly normalising but not confluent, while variants with composition are confluent but do not preserve strong normalisation. Neither of them enjoys both properties. In this paper we propose the i - calculus an we present the full proofs of its main properties. This is, as far as we know, the...

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: In this paper we consider explicit substitutions calculi that allow open terms. In particular, we propose a variant of the oe -calculus, that we call OE . For this calculus and its simply-typed version, we study its meta-theoretical properties. The OE -calculus enjoys the same general characteristics as oe , i.e. a simple and finitary first-order presentation, confluent on terms with meta-variables, with a composition operator and with simultaneous substitutions. However, OE does not have the non-left-linear surjective pairing rule of oe which raises technical problems in some frameworks. (R'esum'e : tsvp) Cesar.Munoz@inria.fr Unit'e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) T'el'ephone : (33 1) 39 63 55 11 -- T'el'ecopie : (33 1) 39 63 53 30 Propri'et'es m'eta-th'eoriques de OE : Une variante lin'eaire `a gauche de oe R'esum'e : Dans cet article, on s'int'eresse aux calculs avec substitutions explicites q...

In this paper we consider -calculi of explicit substitutions that admit open expressions, i.e. expressions with meta-variables. In particular, we propose a variant of the oe-calculus that we call L . For this calculus and its simply-typed version, we study its meta-theoretical properties. The L-calculus enjoys the same general characteristics as oe, i.e. a simple and finitary first-order presentation, confluent on expressions with meta-variables of terms and weakly normalizing on typed expressions. Moreover, L does not have the non-left-linear surjective pairing rule of oe which raises technical problems in some frameworks.