This is a survey on graph visualization and navigation techniques, as used in information visualization. Graphs appear in numerous applications such as web browsing, state--transition diagrams, and data structures. The ability to visualize and to navigate in these potentially large, abstract graphs is often a crucial part of an application. Information visualization has specific requirements, which means that this survey approaches the results of traditional graph drawing from a different perspective. Index Terms---Information visualization, graph visualization, graph drawing, navigation, focus+context, fish--eye, clustering. 1

The Information Visualization and Exploration Environment (IVEE) is a system for automatic creation of dynamic queries applications. IVEE imports database relations and automatically creates environments holding visualizations and query devices. IVEE offers multiple visualizations such as maps and starfields, and multiple query devices, such as sliders, alphasliders, and toggles. Arbitrary graphical objects can be attached to database objects in visualizations. Multiple visualizations may be active simultaneously. Users can interactively lay out and change between types of query devices. Users may retrieve details-on-demand by clicking on visualization objects. An HTML file may be provided along with the database, specifying how details-ondemand information should be presented, allowing for presentation of multimedia information in database objects. Finally, multiple IVEE clients running on separate workstations on a network can communicate by letting one users actions affect the visua...

This paper introduces a novel user interface that integrates search and browsing of very large category hierarchies with their associated text collections. A key component is the separate but simultaneous display of the representations of the categories and the retrieved documents. Another key component is the display ofmultiple selected categories simultaneously, complete with their hierarchical context. The prototype implementation uses animation and a three-dimensional graphical workspace to accommodate the category hierarchy and to store intermediate search results. Query specification in this 3D environment is accomplished via a novel method for painting Boolean queries over a combination of category labels and free text. Examples are shown on a collection of medical text.

Abstract ⎯ This paper describes the development and application of visualisation techniques for users to access and explore information in a digital library effectively and intuitively. Salient semantic structures and citation patterns are extracted from several collections of documents, including the ACM SIGCHI conference proceedings (1995 ⎯ 1997) and ACM Hypertext conference proceedings (1987 ⎯ 1998), using Latent Semantic Indexing and Pathfinder Network Scaling. The unique spatial metaphor leads to a natural combination of search and navigation within the same semantic space in a 3-dimensional virtual world. Author co-citation patterns are visualised through a number of author co-citation maps in attempts to reveal the structure of the field of hypertext, including an overall co-citation map of 367 authors and three periodical maps. These maps highlight predominant research areas in the field. This approach provides a means of transcending the boundaries of collections of documents and visualising more profound patterns in terms of semantic structures and co-citation networks. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1.

ThemeRiver ™ is a prototype system that visualizes thematic variations over time within a large collection of documents. The “river ” flows from left to right through time, changing width to depict changes in thematic strength of temporally associated documents. Colored “currents ” flowing within the river narrow or widen to indicate decreases or increases in the strength of an individual topic or a group of topics in the associated documents. The river is shown within the context of a timeline and a corresponding textual presentation of external events.

We report on the design and evaluation of a visualization tool for Information Retrieval (IR) systems that aims to help the end user in the following respects: . As an indicator of document relevance, the tool graphically provides specific query related information about individual documents . As a diagnosis tool, it graphically provides aggregate information about the query results that could help in identifying how the different query terms influence the retrieval and ranking of documents. Two different experiments using TREC-4 data were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this tool. Results, while mixed, indicate that visualization of this sort may provide useful support for judging the relevance of documents, in particular by enabling users to make more accurate decisions about which documents to inspect in detail. Problems in evaluation of such tools in interactive environments are discussed. 1 Introduction The disadvantages of Boolean IR systems are well known. Best-matc...

This article is extracted and adapted from Ben Shneiderman's newly revised and recently published book, Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human---Computer Interaction (Third Edition), Addison Wesley Longman, Copyright 1998, with the permission of the publisher.

data can be embedded within the space of the room or displayed on the walls. In this example, we have included the clustered document space from Figure 4 in the upper left-hand corner of the room. A map displayed on the wall references geographic-based data, and a representation of an analyst 's desk gives a link to information provided by a topic specialist. Other appropriate visualizations include a 5 Visual Web search for the term "animation." 6 Data vault based on the 3D room information space metaphor.

Abstract. In this paper we investigate a general purpose interactive information organization system. The system organizes documents by placing them into 1-, 2-, or 3dimensional space based on their similarity and a springembedding algorithm. We begin by developing a method for estimating the quality of the organization when it is applied to a set of documents returned in response to a query. We show how the relevant documents tend to clump together in space. We proceed by presenting a method for measuring the amount of structure in the organization and explain how this knowledge can be used to refine the system. We also show that increasing the dimensionality of the organization generally improves its quality, albeit only a small amount. We introduce two methods for modifying the organization based on information obtained from the user and show how such feedback improves the organization. All the analysis is done offline without direct user intervention.

This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a lowfidelity animated and rapidly interactive 3D cone tree system. Results of the evaluation show that our subjects were slower at locating data using cone trees than when using a `normal' tree browser, and that their performance deteriorated rapidly as the branching factor of the datastructure increased. Qualitative results, however, indicate that the subjects were enthusiastic about the cone tree visualization and that they felt it provided a better `feel' for the structure of the information space.