Program transformation is a means to formally develop efficient programs from lucid specifications. A representative sample of the diverse range of program transformation research is classified into several different approaches based upon the motivations for and styles of constructing such formal developments. Individual techniques for supporting construction of developments are also surveyed, and are related to the various approaches.

A systematic approach is given for deriving incremental programs from non-incremental programs written in a standard functional programming language. We exploit a number of program analysis and transformation techniques and domain-specific knowledge, centered around effective utilization of caching, in order to provide a degree of incrementality not otherwise achievable by a generic incremental evaluator. 1 Introduction Incremental programs take advantage of repeated computations on inputs that differ only slightly from one another, avoiding unnecessary duplication of common computations. Given a program f and a certain input change \Phi, a program f 0 that computes the value of f(x \Phi y) efficiently by making use of the value of f(x) is called an incremental version of f under \Phi. The parameter y can be regarded as a change ffix to the input x. Methods of incremental computation have widespread applications, e.g., loop optimizations in optimizing compilers [1, 24, 9, 10] and ...

The analysis of set-based programs is sometimes facilitated by the computational model of a set machine; i.e., a uniform cost sequential RAM augmented with an assortment of primitives on finite sets, under the assumption that associative operations, e.g., set membership, take unit time. In this paper we give broad sufficient conditions in which to simulate a set machine on a RAM (without set primitives) in real time. Two variants of a RAM are considered. One allows for pointer and cursor access. The other permits only pointer access. Our translation method introduces a new programming methodology for data structure design and provides a new framework for investigating automatic data structure selection for set-based programs. November 10, 1994 ############### 1 Part of this work was done while the author was a summer faculty at IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. This work is also partly based on research supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-87-K-0461 and b...

We present a bit-vector algorithm that uniformly combines code motion and strength reduction, avoids superfluous register pressure due to unnecessary code motion, and is as efficient as standard unidirectional analyses. The point of this algorithm is to combine the concept of lazy code motion of [1] with the concept of unifying code motion and strength reduction of [2, 3, 4, 5]. This results in an algorithm for lazy strength reduction, which consists of a sequence of unidirectional analyses, and is unique in its transformational power. Keywords: Data flow analysis, program optimization, partial redundancy elimination, code motion, strength reduction, bit-vector data flow analyses. 1 Motivation Code motion improves the runtime efficiency of a program by avoiding unnecessary recomputations of a value at runtime. Strength reduction improves runtime efficiency by reducing "expensive" recomputations to less expensive ones, e.g., by reducing computations involving multiplication to computat...

A systematic approach is given for symbolically caching intermediate results useful for deriving incremental programs from non-incremental programs. We exploit a number of program analysis and transformation techniques, centered around effective caching based on its utilization in deriving incremental programs, in order to increase the degree of incrementality not otherwise achievable by using only the return values of programs that are of direct interest. Our method can be applied straightforwardly to provide a systematic approach to program improvement via caching. 1 Introduction Incremental programs take advantage of repeated computations on inputs that differ only slightly from one another, making use of the old output in computing a new output rather than computing from scratch. Methods of incremental computation have widespread application, e.g., optimizing compilers [2, 9, 11], transformational programming [29, 32, 42], interactive editing systems [4, 38], etc. In this paper, ...

this paper we consider two elaborations of this algorithm, which are dealt with in Part I and Part II, respectively. Part I deals with the problem that the full variant of the algorithm of [SKR1] may excessively introduce trivial redefinitions of registers in order to cover a single computation. Rosen, Wegman and Zadeck avoided such a too excessive introduction of trivial redefinitions by means of some practically oriented restrictions, and they proposed an efficient algorithm, which optimally moves the computations of acyclic flow graphs under these additional constraints (the algorithm is "RWZoptimal " for acyclic flow graphs) [RWZ]. Here we adapt our algorithm to this notion of optimality. The result is a modular and efficient algorithm, which avoids a too excessive introduction of trivial redefinitions along the lines of [RWZ], and is RWZ-optimal for arbitrary flow graphs. Part II modularly extends the algorithm of [SKR1] in order to additionally cover strength reduction. This extension generalizes and improves all classical techniques for strength reduction in that it overcomes their structural restrictions concerning admissible program structures (e.g. previously determined loops) and admissible term structures (e.g. terms built of induction variables and region constants). Additionally, the program transformation obtained by our algorithm is guaranteed to be safe and to improve run-time efficiency. Both properties are not guaranteed by previous techniques. Structure of the Paper

The Korso project aims, by the use of formal methods, at the enhancement of the quality of software development in all phases of the software life cycle. In requirements engineering domain modeling with formal specifications is integrated with informal and pre-formal approaches for the construction of a formal requirements specification of the "functional" properties of the required system. The specifications are used in the modeling and analysis parts of the requirement process and provide means for validation, including early prototyping and theorem-proving. An evolutionary process model is proposed for system design and program development, whereby the correctness of all development steps is checked by suitable verification tools. The model centers around a development graph which consists of units, e.g. formal specifications, proofs, and programs, and relations between these units. There are three kinds of relations: syntactic relations, semantic relations, and modificat...

. In requirements engineering domain modeling with formal specifications is integrated with informal and pre-formal approaches for the construction of a formal requirements specification of the "functional " properties of the required system. The specifications are used in the modeling and analysis parts of the requirement process and provide means for validation, including early prototyping and theorem-proving. An evolutionary process model is proposed for system design and program development, whereby the correctness of all development steps is checked by suitable verification tools. The model centers around a development graph which consists of units, e.g. formal specifications, proofs, and programs, and relations between these units. There are three kinds of relations: syntactic relations, semantic relations, and modifications. In each development step units are either created, transformed, or modified. Program and system development are understood as the development o...

Given a program f and an input change \Phi, we wish to obtain an incremental program that computes f(x \Phi y) efficiently by making use of the value of f(x), the intermediate results computed in computing f(x), and auxiliary information about x that can be inexpensively maintained. Obtaining such incremental programs is an essential part of the transformational-programming approach to software development and enhancement. This paper presents a systematic approach that discovers a general class of useful auxiliary information, combines it with useful intermediate results, and obtains an efficient incremental program that uses and maintains these intermediate results and auxiliary information. We give a number of examples from list processing, VLSI circuit design, image processing, etc. 1 Introduction Software engineering is the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of software [1]. The transformational-programming approach to software engine...