Martin-Lof's type theory is presented in several steps. The kernel is a dependently typed -calculus. Then there are schemata for inductive sets and families of sets and for primitive recursive functions and families of functions. Finally, there are set formers (generic polymorphism) and universes. At each step syntax, inference rules, and set-theoretic semantics are given. 1 Introduction Usually Martin-Lof's type theory is presented as a closed system with rules for a finite collection of set formers. But it is also often pointed out that the system is in principle open to extension: we may introduce new sets when there is a need for them. The principle is that a set is by definition inductively generated - it is defined by its introduction rules, which are rules for generating its elements. The elimination rule is determined by the introduction rules and expresses definition by primitive recursion on the way the elements of the set are generated. (In this paper I shall use the term ...

The first example of a simultaneous inductive-recursive definition in intuitionistic type theory is Martin-Löf's universe à la Tarski. A set U0 of codes for small sets is generated inductively at the same time as a function T0 , which maps a code to the corresponding small set, is defined by recursion on the way the elements of U0 are generated. In this paper we argue that there is an underlying general notion of simultaneous inductiverecursive definition which is implicit in Martin-Löf's intuitionistic type theory. We extend previously given schematic formulations of inductive definitions in type theory to encompass a general notion of simultaneous induction-recursion. This enables us to give a unified treatment of several interesting constructions including various universe constructions by Palmgren, Griffor, Rathjen, and Setzer and a constructive version of Aczel's Frege structures. Consistency of a restricted version of the extension is shown by constructing a realisability model ...

Contents 1 Introduction 1-1 2 Some Axiom Systems 2-1 2.1 Classical Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2 Intuitionistic Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.3 Constructive Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.3.1 CZF 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.3.2 Constructive Zermelo Fraenkel, CZF . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2.3.3 Basic Constructive Set Theory, BCST . . . . . . . . . 2-3 3 Elementary Mathematics in Constructive Set Theory 3-1 3.1 Class Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2 Pairing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.1 Ordered Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.2 Cartesian Products of Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.3 Relations and Functions between Classes . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.3 The class of Natural

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This thesis is primarily about the design of formal programming environments for building large software systems. This work articulates two principles and uses them to guide the design, implementation, and study of a specific formal programming environment. First, design methods for large software systems will include multiple languages, methodologies, and refinement techniques that are suited to problem subdomains. This means that any formal system must provide the ability to define multiple logics, and it is by definition a logical framework. Second, the framework must provide the ability to express formal relations between logical theories to address the problem of system decomposition. This thesis also presents the the MetaPRL formal system. MetaPRL was built to provide a modular, abstract logical framework where multiple designs can be expressed and related. The MetaPRL design builds on our experience with logical frameworks and with structured programming concepts like inheritance and re-use to provide an efficient, highly abstract, logical machine. The contribution includes several parts. • The development of an untyped meta-logic using explicit substitution. • The definition of a very-dependent function type in the Nuprl type theory. • A system architecture for generic multi-logical development. • A generic refiner that provides automation and enforcement for the multiple logical theories in logical environment. • A module system for logics and theories. • A generic distributed interactive theorem prover. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Jason Jonathan Hickey was born in 1963 in a small town called Delano in the heart of California’s central San Jaoquin valley. Jason’s early experiences included the fulfillment of various agricultural obligations with

The notion of a universe of types was introduced into constructive type theory by Martin-Löf (1975). According to the propositions-as-types principle inherent in

One objective of this paper is the determination of the proof--theoretic strength of Martin-- Lof's type theory with a universe and the type of well--founded trees. It is shown that this type system comprehends the consistency of a rather strong classical subsystem of second order arithmetic, namely the one with \Delta 1 2 comprehension and bar induction. As Martin-Lof intended to formulate a system of constructive (intuitionistic) mathematics that has a sound philosophical basis, this yields a constructive consistency proof of a strong classical theory. Also the prooftheoretic strength of other inductive types like Aczel's type of iterative sets is investigated in various contexts. Further, we study metamathematical relations between type theories and other frameworks for formalizing constructive mathematics, e.g. Aczel's set theories and theories of operations and classes as developed by Feferman. 0 Introduction Martin--Lof's intuitionistic theory of types was originally introduce...

We set out to study the consequences of the assumption of types of wellfounded trees in dependent type theories. We do so by investigating the categorical notion of wellfounded tree introduced in [16]. Our main result shows that wellfounded trees allow us to define initial algebras for a wide class of endofunctors on locally cartesian closed categories.

Formalising mathematics in dependent type theory often requires to use setoids, i.e. types with an explicit equality relation, as a representation of sets. This paper surveys some possible denitions of setoids and assesses their suitability as a basis for developing mathematics. In particular, we argue that a commonly advocated approach to partial setoids is unsuitable, and more generally that total setoids seem better suited for formalising mathematics. 1

this paper we show how to combine the unrestricted countable choice, induction on infinite well-founded trees and restricted classical logic in a constructively given model. For readers faniliar with intuitionistic systems [14], we may succinctly describe the theory we interpret as follows. Expand the extensional version of HA