A fast algoritbm for finding dominators in a flowgraph is presented. The algorithm uses depth-first search and an efficient method of computing functions defined on paths in trees. A simple implemen-tation of the algorithm runs in O(m log n) time, where m is the number of edges and n is the number of vertices in the problem graph. A more sophisticated implementation runs in O(ma(m, n)) time, where a(m, n) is a functional inverse of Ackermann's function. Both versions of the algorithm were implemented in Algol W, a Stanford University version of Algol, and tested on an IBM 370/168. The programs were compared with an implementation by Purdom and Moore of a straightforward O(mn)-time algorithm, and with ~a bit vector algorithm described by Aho and Ullman. The fast algorithm beat the straightforward algorithm and the bit vector algorithm on all but the smallest graphs tested.

. Ambivalent data structures are presented for several problems on undirected graphs. These data structures are used in finding the k smallest spanning trees of a weighted undirected graph in O(m log #(m, n) + min{k 3/2 ,km 1/2 }) time, where m is the number of edges and n the number of vertices in the graph. The techniques are extended to find the k smallest spanning trees in an embedded planar graph in O(n + k(log n) 3 ) time. Ambivalent data structures are also used to dynamically maintain 2-edge-connectivity information. Edges and vertices can be inserted or deleted in O(m 1/2 ) time, and a query as to whether two vertices are in the same 2-edge-connected component can be answered in O(log n) time, where m and n are understood to be the current number of edges and vertices, respectively. Key words. analysis of algorithms, data structures, embedded planar graph, fully persistent data structures, k smallest spanning trees, minimum spanning tree, on-line updating, topology tr...

Abstract. We present a new scheme for computing shortest paths on real-weighted undirected graphs in the fundamental comparison-addition model. In an efficient preprocessing phase our algorithm creates a linear-size structure that facilitates single-source shortest path computations in O(m log α) time, where α = α(m, n) is the very slowly growing inverse-Ackermann function, m the number of edges, and n the number of vertices. As special cases our algorithm implies new bounds on both the all-pairs and single-source shortest paths problems. We solve the all-pairs problem in O(mnlog α(m, n)) time and, if the ratio between the maximum and minimum edge lengths is bounded by n (log n)O(1) , we can solve the single-source problem in O(m + nlog log n) time. Both these results are theoretical improvements over Dijkstra’s algorithm, which was the previous best for real weighted undirected graphs. Our algorithm takes the hierarchy-based approach invented by Thorup. Key words. single-source shortest paths, all-pairs shortest paths, undirected graphs, Dijkstra’s

On the background of Boruvka's pioneering work we present a survey of the development related to the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem. We also complement the historical paper Graham-Hell [GH] by a few remarks and provide an update of the extensive literature devoted to this problem.

Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Models of computation 6 3 The Set Union Problem 9 4 The Worst--Case Time Complexity of a Single Operation 15 5 The Set Union Problem with Deunions 18 6 Split and the Set Union Problem on Intervals 22 7 The Set Union Problem with Unlimited Backtracking 26 1 Introduction An equivalence relation on a finite set S is a binary relation that is reflexive symmetric and transitive. That is, for s; t and u in S, we have that sRs, if sRt then tRs, and if sRt and tRu then sRu. Set S is partitioned by R into equivalence classes where each class cointains all and only the elements that obey R pairwise. Many computational problems involve representing, modifying and tracking the evolution of equivalenc