The dichotomy between endophysical/intrinsic and exophysical/extrinsic perception concerns the question of how a model - mathematical, logical, computational - universe is perceived from inside or from outside, [71, 65, 66, 59, 60, 68, 67]. This distinction goes back in time at least to Archimedes, reported to have asked for a point outside the world from which one could move the earth. An exophysical perception is realized when the system is laid out and the experimenter peeps at the relevant features without changing the system. The information flows on a one-way road: from the system to the experimenter. An endophysical perception can be realized when the experimenter is part of the system under observation. In such a case one has a two-way informational flow; measurements and entities measured are interchangeable and any attempt to distinguish between them ends up as a convention. The general conception dominating the sciences is that the physical universe is perceivable ...

A brief review of the attempts to define “elements of reality ” in the framework of quantum theory is presented. It is noted that most definitions of elements of reality have in common the feature to be a definite outcome of some measurement. Elements of reality are extended to pre- and post-selected systems and to measurements which fulfill certain criteria of weakness of the coupling. Some features of the newly introduced concepts are discussed. 1 1

As computability implies value definiteness, certain sequences of quantum outcomes cannot be computable. 1. CONCEPTUALISATION It certainly would be fascinating to pinpoint the time of the emergence of the notion that certain quantum processes, such as the decay of an excited quantum state, occurs principally and irreducibly at random; and howlong it took to become the dominant way of thinking about them after almost two centuries of quasirationalistic dominance. Bohr’s and Heisenberg’s influence has been highly recognised and has prevailed, even against the strong rationalistic and philosophic objections raised by, for instance, by Einstein and Schrödinger. 1 � 2 Of course, one of the strongest reasons for this growing acceptance of quantum randomness has been the factual inability to go “beyond ” the quantum in any manner which would encourage new phenomenology and might result in any hope for a progressive quasi-classical research program. 3

A philosophically consistent axiomatic approach to classical and quantum mechanics is given. The approach realizes a strong formal implementation of Bohr's correspondence principle. In all instances, classical and quantum concepts are fully parallel: the same general theory has a classical realization and a quantum realization.

It is shown that the wave function describes the state of the statistical ensemble E [S] of individual particles, or the statistical average particle 〈S〉. This result follows from the fact that in the classical limit ¯h = 0 the Schrödinger equation turns to the dynamic equations for the statistical ensemble of classical particles. The idea that the wave function describes the state of an individual particle is incompatible with this result. Paradox of the Schrödinger cat and other paradoxes of the wave function reduction are freely explained, as soon as we accept that the wave function describes the state of the statistical average particle 〈S〉. 1

this paper; the propositional structure encountered in the quantum mechanics of spin - state measurements of a spin one-half particle along two directions ( mod p) , that is, the modular, orthocomplemented lattice MO 2 drawn in Fig. 1 ( where p 2 = ( p + ) and q 2 = ( q + ) )

The objective of this series of three papers is to axiomatically derive quantum mechanics from classical mechanics and two other basic axioms. In this first paper, Schroendiger’s equation for the density matrix is fist obtained and from it Schroedinger’s equation for the wave functions is derived. The momentum and position operators acting upon the density matrix are defined and it is then demonstrated that they commute. Pauli’s equation for the density matrix is also obtained. A statistical potential formally identical to the quantum potential of Bohm’s hidden variable theory is introduced, and this quantum potential is reinterpreted through the formalism here proposed. It is shown that, for dispersion free ensembles, Schroedinger’s equation for the density matrix is equivalent to Newton’s equations. A general non-ambiguous procedure for the construction of operators which act upon the density matrix is presented. It is also shown how these operators can be reduced to those which act upon the wave functions. 1

Abstract. Counterfactual reasoning and contextuality is defined and critically evaluated with regard to its nonempirical content. To this end, a uniqueness property of states, explosion views and link observables are introduced. If only a single context associated with a particular maximum set of observables can be operationalized, then a context translation principle resolves measurements of different contexts. COUNTERFACTUALS With the rise of quantum mechanics [1, 2, 3, 4] physics proper entered an ancient and sometimes fierce debate in theology and philosophy: the controversy between realism versus idealism. Whereas realism has been subsumed by the proposition that [5] “some entities sometimes exist without being experienced by any finite mind, ” idealism put forward that “we have not the faintest reason for believing in the existence of unexperienced entities. [[Realism]] has been adopted... solely because it simplifies our view of the universe. ” And whereas these issues can be considered nonoperational and thus metaphysical or even ideological, it is also true that they have inspired a great number of minds, to the effect of stimulating new approaches to quantum mechanics, revealing many theoretical details, quantum phenomena and quantum technologies. The Kochen-Specker theorem [6], for example, was motivated from the onset by scholasticism, as in an early programmatic article [7] Ernst Specker related the discussion on the foundations of quantum mechanics to scholastic

In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the discovery of quanta Abstract. A history of the discovery of “new ” quantum mechanics and the paradoxes of its probabilistic interpretation are briefly reviewed from the modern point of view of quantum peobability and information. The modern quantum theory, which has been developed during the last 20 years for treatment of quantum open systems including quantum noise, decoherence, quantum diffusions and spontaneous jumps occurring under continuous in time observation, is not yet a part of the standard curriculum of quantum physics. It is argued that the conventional formalism of quantum mechanics is insufficient for the description of quantum events, such as spontaneous decays say, and the new experimental phenomena related to individual quantum measurements, but they all have received an adequate mathematical treatment in quantum stochastics of open systems. Moreover, the only reasonable probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics put forward by Max Born was in fact in irreconcilable contradiction

Abstract. A history and drama of the development of quantum probability theory is outlined starting from the discovery of the Plank’s constant exactly a 100 years ago. It is shown that before the rise of quantum mechanics 75 years ago, the quantum theory had appeared first in the form of the statistics of quantum thermal noise and quantum spontaneous jumps which have never been explained by quantum mechanics. Moreover, the only reasonable probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory put forward by Max Born was in fact in irreconcilable contradiction with traditional mechanical reality and classical probabilistic causality. This led to numerous quantum paradoxes, some of them due to the great inventors of quantum theory such as Einstein and Schroedinger. They are reconsidered in this paper from the modern quantum