Psychologists often use special computer programs to perform meta-analysis. Until recently, this had been necessary because standard statistical packages did not provide procedures for such analysis. This paper introduces linear mixed models as a framework for meta-analysis in psychological research, using a popular general-purpose statistical package, SAS. The approach is illustrated with three examples using SAS PROC MIXED. Meta-Analysis Using SAS PROC MIXED 3 I.

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People are often presumed to be vulnerable to a desirability bias, namely, a tendency to be overoptimistic about a future outcome as a result of their preferences or desires for that outcome. In this article, this form of wishful thinking is distinguished from the more general concepts of motivated reasoning and overoptimism, and the evidence for this bias is reviewed. The authors argue that despite the prevalence of the idea that desires bias optimism, the empirical evidence regarding this possibility is limited. The potential for desires to depress rather than enhance optimism is discussed, and the authors advocate for greater research attention to mediators of both types of effects. Nine possible mediational accounts are described, and critical issues for future research on the desirability bias are discussed.

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Introduction In this issue of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Adam Kilgarriff discusses several issues concerned with the role of probabilistic modelling and statistical hypothesis testing in the domain of corpus linguistics and computational linguistics. Given the overall importance of these issues to the above-mentioned fields, I felt that the topic merits even more discussion and decided to add my own two cents with the hope that this discussion note triggers further commentaries or even some lively discussion and criticism. The points raised in Kilgarriff's paper are various and important and considerations of space do not allow me to address all of them in as great detail as they certainly deserve. I will therefore concentrate on only one particular aspect of the paper which I find # given my own research history and subjective interests # particularly important, namely the issue of statistical hypothesis testing. More precisely, I will address one of the central claim

Teacher judgments of student learning are a key element in performance assessment. This study examines aspects of the validity of teacher judgments that are based on the Work Sampling System (WSS), a curriculumembedded, performance assessment for preschool (age 3) to Grade 5. The purpose of the study is to determine if teacher judgments about student learning in kindergarten to third grade are trustworthy if they are informed by a curriculum-embedded performance assessment. A cross-sectional sample composed of 345 K-3 students enrolled in 17 classrooms in an urban school system was studied. Analyses included correlations between WSS and an individually administered psychoeducational battery, four-step

1. When conducting a research synthesis, is it ever appropriate for a C2 reviewer to do a review without statistically integrating the results of studies? If yes, what are the characteristics of the literature that make this permissible?.................................................................................................................................. 5

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Objective: To review critically and to summarize the evidence of diagnostic tests and culture media for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginitis. Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature indexed in MEDLINE of studies that used Trichomonas culture as the reference standard (9,882 patients, 35 studies). Level I studies (5,047 patients, 13 studies) fulfilled at least two of three criteria: 1) consecutive patients were evaluated prospectively, 2) decision to culture was not influenced by test results, and 3) there was independent and blind comparison to culture. Results: The sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) was 95 % (95 % CI 91 % to 99%), and the specificity was 98 % (95 % CI 96 % to 100%). One study was classified as Level I evidence (52 patients). The sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 82 % (95%