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Designing Groupware systems requires methods and tools that cover all aspects of Groupware systems. We present a method that utilizes known theoretical insights and makes them usable in practice. In our method, the design of Groupware systems is driven by an extensive task analysis followed by structured design and iterative evaluation using usability criteria. Using a combination of multiple complementary representations and techniques, a wide range of aspects of Groupware design is covered. The method is built on our experiences and is used in practice by several companies and educational institutes in Europe. We define the design process, the models needed and the tools that support the design process.

Many different task modeling methods exist. In this paper, we discuss 1) ingredients common to most task models, 2) how task modeling relates to the design of user interfaces, and 3) our proposed ontology for task analysis. We then show our task analysis tool that is based on the ontology. It is our belief that task models should be based on an ontology that describes the relevant concepts and the relationships between them, independently of any used graphical representations. Such an ontology helps to understand the different task modeling methods and it can also be operationalized for use in tools.

This paper introduces and describes an innovative modelling approach which utilises models that are synthesised through approximate calculations of user actions and extensive representation of knowledge about how to perform these actions. The Intention modelling approach is based on theories of cognitive and task modelling as well as on theories of intention, rational action and plan recognition. Intention Models (IMs) have been used in the detection of malicious attacks which usually do not consist of illegal actions, but of a set of actions individually acceptable to the system which at a higher level may form non acceptable task(s). A first effort at implementing these models for a real application was for the creation of the UII system, a research prototype for the detection of anomalous behaviour of network users obtained by reasoning about the characterisation of their intentions. It was developed as an autonomous module within SECURENET, a European funded programme that aims at defending open computer systems, employing advanced techniques and methodologies.

This paper describes a multimedia user interface design method and a design assistant tool which supports the method. The method covers specification of user requirements and information architecture, selection of appropriate media to represent the information content, design for directing attention to important information, and interaction design to enhance user engagement. Guidelines for media selection and design for attractiveness, i.e. usability and user experience, are given. The method was evaluated in a case study design of a crowd control simulation training system, which demonstrated the method was usable and gave good solutions against an expert gold standard design. The tool provides advice on media selection and attention effects that match specification of the information content expressed as information types and communication goals. A usability evaluation was carried out to measure the usefulness and effectiveness of the tool in comparison to the method, and the results showed that the tool has a positive impact on multimedia design.

Groupware Task Analysis is a task analysis method that deals with the context of use of a system in the broadest sense. The task world is seen from three viewpoints that deal with different aspects of the world. The processes of GTA and their background are described in detail. In addition a task analysis tool EUTERPE is described. EUTERPE is based on GTA and allows capturing of the task models and provides some basic analysis primitives.

Reuse, system integration, and interoperability create a growing need for capturing, representing, and using application-level information about software-intensive systems and their evolution. In ESPRIT Basic Research Project NATURE, we are developing an integrative approach to requirements management based on a threedimensional framework which addresses formalism as well as cognitive and social aspects. This leads to a new requirements process model which integrates human freedoms through allowing relatively free decisions in given situations. Classes of situations and decisions are defined with respect to the three-dimensional framework through the integration of informal and formal representations, theories of domain modeling, and the explicit consideration of nonfunctional requirements in teamwork. Technical support is provided by a conceptual modeling environment with knowledge acquisition through interactive as well as reverse modeling, and with similarity-based querying. 1

Usability has gained a lot of attention in the design community and it is one of main goals of every design project. Evaluating usability is usually done with end-users after a prototype has been built and there are not many techniques available that allow usability evaluation during the early design phases. Current dialog modeling techniques generally do not deal with usability aspects, as they are often functional based models, dealing only with states and state changes. This paper investigates how usability aspects can be incorporated into dialog models so that usability can be evaluated during the design process without doing usage tests. A set of measurable properties is given which together could give an indication about the usability of the design, This way, some usability aspects can be covered early in the design process without the need for an executable prototype or end-users.

This chapter describes a framework for cognitive task design that focuses on social and communication issues. It is intended to complement the more traditional task oriented views. The chapter starts by describing a process model for cognitive task design then introduces cognitive and social pathologies: heuristics for analysing potential causes of failure in sociotechnical systems. This is followed by an introduction to generic tasks as reusable models for specifying human action, to which requirements for computer system task support can be attached, as well as the pathologies to warn the designer about potential failure points. A general model of discourse is described which is also associated with pathologies and generic requirements to guide the designer towards reusable knowledge at appropriate stages in the communication process. The discourse model is supplemented with patterns for specific types of communication such as Command and Control, proposals and liaison, etc. The next section proposes models for analysing power and trust in human-human and interorganisational relationships. Once again models are associated with pathologies and countermeasures. Use of the models is illustrated by analysis of Command and Control tasks in the combat sub-system of a Navy frigate. A scenario-based approach is taken to walk through the models using operation scenarios of a missile attack. The design implications for cognitive task support and communication are assessed, then two alternative designs for intelligent computerised radar and standard radar are compared using the generic models for analysing communication, perceptions of power and trust. The chapter concludes by reviewing the lessons learned for functional allocation, and future work in providing more effective decision support for operators in socio-technical systems.

Abstract. A theoretical framework of domain knowledge is proposed, consisting of classes of generalized object collaboration models and generic tasks that describe patterns of human activity. The reusable library of generic models is applied to analysis and design for reuse of generalized componentbased frameworks by reusing the models as templates, with associated design knowledge in the form of attached design rationale. A design by reuse method is described for identifying at the analysis stage generic abstract models of the structure and behaviour of new applications. Generic requirements of the identified abstractions link to object oriented patterns for design solutions. The design process is applied for the design of a generalized telemedicine framework. The discussion reviews the prospects for integrating generic domain models with design patterns in component-based development. 1