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94
Asking sensitive questions: The impact of data collection mode, question format, and question context
- PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY
, 1996
"... This study compared three methods of collecting survey data about sexual behaviors and other sensitive topics: computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), computer-assisted self-administered interviewing (CASI), and audio computer-assisted self-administered interviewing (ACASI). Interviews wer ..."
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Cited by 223 (12 self)
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This study compared three methods of collecting survey data about sexual behaviors and other sensitive topics: computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), computer-assisted self-administered interviewing (CASI), and audio computer-assisted self-administered interviewing (ACASI). Interviews were conducted with an area probability sample of more than 300 adults in Cook County, Illinois. The experiment also compared open and closed questions about the number of sex partners and varied the context in which the sex partner items were embedded. The three mode groups did not differ in response rates, but the mode of data collection did affect the level of reporting of sensitive behaviors: both forms of self-administration tended to reduce the disparity between men and women in the number of sex partners reported. Self-administration, especially via ACASI, also increased the proportion of respondents admitting that they had used illicit drugs. In addition, when the closed answer options emphasized the low end of the distribution, fewer sex partners were reported than when the options emphasized the high end of the distribution; responses to the open-ended versions of the sex partner items generally fell between responses to the two closed versions.
The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice
- Personality & Social Psychology Review
, 2002
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Can people feel happy and sad at the same time
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2001
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 100 (10 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Imagining stereotypes away: The moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery
- Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
, 2001
"... Research on implicit stereotypes has raised important questions about an individual's ability to moderate and control stereotypic responses. With few strategies shown to be effective in moderating implicit effects, the present research investigates a new strategy based on focused mental imagery ..."
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Cited by 83 (2 self)
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Research on implicit stereotypes has raised important questions about an individual's ability to moderate and control stereotypic responses. With few strategies shown to be effective in moderating implicit effects, the present research investigates a new strategy based on focused mental imagery. Across 5 experiments, participants who engaged in counterstereotypic mental imagery produced substantially weaker implicit stereotypes compared with participants who engaged in neutral, stereotypic, or no mental imagery. This reduction was demonstrated with a variety of measures, eliminating explanations based on response suppression or shifts in response criterion. Instead, the results suggest that implicit stereotypes are malleable, and that controlled processes, such as mental imagery, may influence the stereotyping process at its early as well as later stages. Implicit stereotypes are social category associations that become activated without the perceiver's intention or awareness when he or she is presented with a category cue. Over the past decade, substantial evidence has accumulated for the influence of implicit stereotypes on judgment and behavior (for reviews, see Bargh,
Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects
- Political Behavior
, 1997
"... Framing is the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audience. While many observers of political communi-cation and the mass media have discussed framing, few have explicitly described how framing affects public opinion. In this paper we o ..."
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Cited by 80 (1 self)
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Framing is the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audience. While many observers of political communi-cation and the mass media have discussed framing, few have explicitly described how framing affects public opinion. In this paper we offer a theory of framing effects, with a specific focus on the psychological mechanisms by which framing influences political attitudes. We discuss important conceptual differences between framing and traditional theories of persuasion that focus on belief change. We outline a set of hypotheses about the interaction between framing and audience sophistication, and test these in an experiment. The results support our argument that framing is not merely persuasion, as it is traditionally conceived. We close by reflecting on the var-ious routes by which political communications can influence attitudes. From the proverbial chat over a cup of coffee to the full-scale multimedia hammering that is todays presidential campaign, much of political life re-volves around the transmission of ideas and information. Research on political communication covers an impressively broad swath of this territory, enlight-ening us on phenomena as varied as media agenda-setting (lyengar and Kinder, 1987; McCombs and Shaw, 1972; Rogers and Dealing, 1994) and facial mimicry (McHugo et al., 1985). Rightly or not, the mass media have been the subject of most empirical work in political communication. Perhaps because of the minuscule effects uncovered in early studies of media influ-
Are studies of dark side variables confounded by socially desirable responding? The case of materialism
- Journal of Consumer Research
, 1996
"... Socially desirable responding (SOR) is the tendency of individuals to make them-selves look good according to current cultural norms when answering research-ers ' questions. For over 50 years in the social sciences, SOR has been a complex and controversial issue, typically viewed as a contamina ..."
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Cited by 56 (0 self)
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Socially desirable responding (SOR) is the tendency of individuals to make them-selves look good according to current cultural norms when answering research-ers ' questions. For over 50 years in the social sciences, SOR has been a complex and controversial issue, typically viewed as a contaminating response bias. Mean-while, most consumer researchers have neglected SOR, including those studying sensitive "dark side " topics where SOR could have an especially detrimental impact on research conclusions. This article reviews conceptual, measurement, and statistical analysis issues related to SOA. Two surveys are then reported that explore the effect of SOR on testing propositions about the nomological network surrounding the materialism value. Implications and recommendations are dis-cussed for investigating SOR in consumer research, including opportunities for future contributions. I n recent years the agenda of consumer research topics has widened considerably, becoming less managerial and more societal in nature (Belk 1995). One of the most important new areas concerns the negative side, or "dark
Attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength
- Social Cognition
, 2007
"... Historical developments regarding the attitude concept are reviewed, and set the stage for consideration of a theoretical perspective that views attitude not as a hypothetical construct, but as evaluative knowledge. A model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength is summar ..."
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Cited by 47 (2 self)
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Historical developments regarding the attitude concept are reviewed, and set the stage for consideration of a theoretical perspective that views attitude not as a hypothetical construct, but as evaluative knowledge. A model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength is summarized, along with research supporting the model's contention that at least some attitudes are represented in memory and activated automatically upon the individual's encountering the attitude object. The implicationsof the theoretical perspective for a number of recent discussions related to the attitude concept are elaborated. Among these issues are the notion of attitudes as "constructions, " the presumed malleability of automatically activated attitudes, correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of attitude, and postulated dual or multiple attitudes. For nearly 25 years now, a particular view of attitudes has formed the underpinnings of my research program on the consequences of attitudes for attention, categorization, judgment, and behavior. It was in 1982 that my colleagues and I first proposed that attitudes can be viewed as object-evaluation associations in memory (Fazio, Chen, McDonel, & Sherman, 1982). The perspective has proven much more illuminating (and occupied us for much longer) than we had envisioned at the time. It has fostered examination of a wide variety of questions regarding attitudes, and it continues to provide a valuable perspective for considering new issues. In this article, I summarize the theoretical model and some of the research findings that support it, as well as the perspective that the Preparation of this article was supported by Grant MH38832 from the National Institute
From Impressions to Data: Increasing the Objectivity of Cognitive Interviews
- Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods
, 1996
"... The most tangible result of the dialogue between survey methods research and cognitive psychology is the widespread use of think aloud methods for pre-testing questionnaires-- so-called cognitive interviews (for ..."
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Cited by 18 (4 self)
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The most tangible result of the dialogue between survey methods research and cognitive psychology is the widespread use of think aloud methods for pre-testing questionnaires-- so-called cognitive interviews (for
Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength-Related Attitude Attributes
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 38
, 2006
"... Brock, and Philip Tetlock for their very helpful suggestions regarding this research. The authors also wish to thank Jamie Franco and Alodia Velasco for their help in preparation of the manuscript. Jon Krosnick is University Fellow at Resources for the Future. Correspondence regarding this chapter s ..."
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Cited by 17 (1 self)
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Brock, and Philip Tetlock for their very helpful suggestions regarding this research. The authors also wish to thank Jamie Franco and Alodia Velasco for their help in preparation of the manuscript. Jon Krosnick is University Fellow at Resources for the Future. Correspondence regarding this chapter should
Question difficulty and respondents' cognitive ability: The effect on data quality
- Journal of Official Statistics
, 1997
"... The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Study of Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) are nationally representative longitudinal data collections begun in the early 1990s that examine retirement and the aging of society. The two studies are administered at the Institute for S ..."
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Cited by 15 (0 self)
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The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Study of Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) are nationally representative longitudinal data collections begun in the early 1990s that examine retirement and the aging of society. The two studies are administered at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. Both studies involve the collaborative efforts of researchers from around the country, and both are supported by funding (U01 AG09740 and U01 AG12980) from the National Institute on Aging at NIH, with supplemental funding for one or both studies from the Social
