When logic programming is based on the proof theory of intuitionistic logic, it is natural to allow implications in goals and in the bodies of clauses. Attempting to prove a goal of the form D ⊃ G from the context (set of formulas) Γ leads to an attempt to prove the goal G in the extended context Γ ∪ {D}. Thus during the bottom-up search for a cut-free proof contexts, represented as the left-hand side of intuitionistic sequents, grow as stacks. While such an intuitionistic notion of context provides for elegant specifications of many computations, contexts can be made more expressive and flexible if they are based on linear logic. After presenting two equivalent formulations of a fragment of linear logic, we show that the fragment has a goal-directed interpretation, thereby partially justifying calling it a logic programming language. Logic programs based on the intuitionistic theory of hereditary Harrop formulas can be modularly embedded into this linear logic setting. Programming examples taken from theorem proving, natural language parsing, and data base programming are presented: each example requires a linear, rather than intuitionistic, notion of context to be modeled adequately. An interpreter for this logic programming language must address the problem of splitting contexts; that is, when attempting to prove a multiplicative conjunction (tensor), say G1 ⊗ G2, from the context ∆, the latter must be split into disjoint contexts ∆1 and ∆2 for which G1 follows from ∆1 and G2 follows from ∆2. Since there is an exponential number of such splits, it is important to delay the choice of a split as much as possible. A mechanism for the lazy splitting of contexts is presented based on viewing proof search as a process that takes a context, consumes part of it, and returns the rest (to be consumed elsewhere). In addition, we use collections of Kripke interpretations indexed by a commutative monoid to provide models for this logic programming language and show that logic programs admit a canonical model. 1

We present new proofs of cut elimination for intuitionistic, classical, and linear sequent calculi. In all cases the proofs proceed by three nested structural inductions, avoiding the explicit use of multi-sets and termination measures on sequent derivations. This makes them amenable to elegant and concise implementations in Elf, a constraint logic programming language based on the LF logical framework. 1 Introduction Gentzen's sequent calculi [Gen35] for intuitionistic and classical logic have been the central tool in many proof-theoretical investigations and applications of logic in computer science such as logic programming or automated theorem proving. The central property of sequent calculi is cut elimination (Gentzen's Hauptsatz) which yields consistency of the logic as a corollary. The algorithm for cut elimination may be interpreted computationally, similarly to the way normalization for natural deduction may be viewed as functional computation. For the case of linear logic, ...

The design of linear logic programming languages and theorem provers opens a number of new implementation challenges not present in more traditional logic languages such as Horn clauses (Prolog) and hereditary Harrop formulas (λProlog and Elf). Among these, the problem of efficiently managing the linear context when solving a goal is of crucial importance for the use of these systems in non-trivial applications. This paper studies this problem in the case of Lolli [HM94], though its results have application to other systems. We first give a prooftheoretic presentation of the operational semantics of this language as a resolution calculus. We then present a series of resource management systems designed to eliminate the nondeterminism in the distribution of linear formulas that undermines the efficiency of a direct implementation of this system. 1

Recently, there has been much interest in the derivation of logic programming languages based on linear logic, a logic of resource-consumption. Such languages provide a notion of resource-oriented programming, often leading to programs that are more elegant and concise than their equivalents in languages, such as Prolog, based on classical logics. We discuss, with examples, the design, implementation and applications of Lygon, a linear logic programming language. Lygon is based on a proof-theoretic analysis of which occurrences of the linear connectives provide an adequate basis for programming. In common with other linear logic programming languages, Lygon allows clauses to be used exactly once in a computation, thereby avoiding the need for the explicit resource-counting often necessary in Prolog-like languages. Indeed, it appears that resource-sensitivity leads to significant differences between the natural programming methodologies in Lygon and Prolog. Just as linear logic...

This work is dedicated to my parents. Acknowledgments Firstly, and foremost, I would like to thank my principal advisor, Frank Pfenning, for his patience with me, and for teaching me most of what I know about logic and type theory. I would also like to acknowledge some useful discussions with Kevin Watkins which led me to simplify some of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my other advisor, John Reynolds, for all his kindness and support over the last five years. Abstract This thesis introduces a new logical system, ordered linear logic, which combines reasoning with unrestricted, linear, and ordered hypotheses. The logic conservatively extends (intuitionistic) linear logic, which contains both unrestricted and linear hypotheses, with a notion of ordered hypotheses. Ordered hypotheses must be used exactly once, subject to the order in which they were assumed (i.e., their order cannot be changed during the course of a derivation). This ordering constraint allows for logical representations of simple data structures such as stacks and queues. We construct ordered linear logic in the style of Martin-L"of from the basic notion of a hypothetical judgement. We then show normalization for the system by constructing a sequent calculus presentation and proving cut-elimination of the sequent system.

We present a system of natural deduction and associated term calculus for intuitionistic non-commutative linear logic (INCLL) as a conservative extension of intuitionistic linear logic. We prove subject reduction and the existence of canonical forms in the implicational fragment.

1.1 Quantification and the subformula property.................. 3 1.2 Ground forward sequent calculus......................... 5 1.3 Lifting to free variables............................... 10

An aspect of the Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar formalism proposed by Gazdar, et al. is the introduction of the notion of "slashed categories " to handle the parsing of structures, such as relative clauses, which involve unbounded dependencies. This has been implemented in Definite Clause Grammars through the technique of gap threading, in which a difference list of extracted noun phrases (gaps) is maintained. However, this technique is cumbersome, and can result in subtle soundness problems in the implemented grammars. Miller and Pareschi have proposed a method of implementing gap threading at the logical level in intuitionistic logic. Unfortunately that implementation itself suffered from serious problems, which the authors recognized. This paper builds on work first presented with Miller in which we developed a filler-gap dependency parser in Girard's linear logic. This implementation suffers from none of the pitfalls of either the traditional implementation, or the intuitioni...

There has been considerable work aimed at enhancing the expressiveness of logic programming languages. To this end logics other than classical first order logic have been considered, including intuitionistic, relevant, temporal, modal and linear logic. Girard's linear logic has formed the basis of a number of logic programming languages. These languages are successful in enhancing the expressiveness of (pure) Prolog and have been shown to provide natural solutions to problems involving concurrency, natural language processing, database processing and various resource oriented problems. One of the richer linear logic programming languages is Lygon. In this paper we investigate the implementation of Lygon. Two significant problems that arise are the division of resources between sub-branches of the proof and the selection of the formula to be decomposed. We present solutions to both of these problems.

A set of executable specifications and efficient implementations of backtrackable state persisting over the current AND-continuation is investigated. At specification level, our primitive operations are a variant of linear and intuitionistic implications, having as consequent the current continuation. On top of them, we introduce a form of hypothetical assumptions which use no explicit quantifiers and have an easy and efficient implementation on top of logic programming systems featuring backtrackable destructive assignment, global variables and simple specifications in term of translation to side-effect free Prolog. A variant of Extended DCGs handling multiple streams without the need of a preprocessing technique, Hidden Accumulator Grammars (HAGs), are specified in terms of linear assumptions. For HAGs, efficiency comparable to that of preprocessing techniques is obtained through a WAM-level implementation of backtrackable destructive assignment, supporting non-deterministic execut...