Abstract. We describe a framework for algebraic expressions for the proof assistant Coq. This framework has been developed as part of the FTA project in Nijmegen, in which a complete proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra has been formalized in Coq. The algebraic framework that is described here is both abstract and structured. We apply a combination of record types, coercive subtyping and implicit arguments. The algebraic framework contains a full development of the real and complex numbers and of the rings of polynomials over these fields. The framework is constructive. It does not use anything apart from the Coq logic. The framework has been successfully used to formalize non-trivial mathematics as part of the FTA project.

We describe a framework of algebraic structures in the proof assistant Coq. We have developed this framework as part of the FTA project in Nijmegen, in which a constructive proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra has been formalized in Coq. The algebraic hierarchy that is described here is both abstract and way, dening e.g. a ring as a tuple consisting of a group, a binary operation and a constant that together satisfy the properties of a ring. In this way, a ring automatically inherits the group properties of the additive subgroup. The algebraic hierarchy is formalized in Coq by applying a combination of labeled record types and coercions. In the labeled record types of Coq, one can use dependent types: the type of one label may depend on another label. This allows to give a type to a dependent-typed tuple like hA; f; ai, where A is a set, f an operation on A and a an element of A. Coercions are

ion in itself is not the goal: for Whitehead [117]"it is the large generalisation, limited by a happy particularity, which is the fruitful conception." As an example consider the theorem in ring theory, which states that if R is a ring, f(x) is a polynomial over R and f(r) = 0 for every element of r of R then R is commutative. Special cases of this, for example f(x) is x 2 \Gamma x or x 3 \Gamma x, can be given a first order proof in a few lines of symbol manipulation. The usual proof of the general result [20] (which takes a semester's postgraduate course to develop from scratch) is a corollary of other results: we prove that rings satisfying the condition are semi-simple artinian, apply a theorem which shows that all such rings are matrix rings over division rings, and eventually obtain the result by showing that all finite division rings are fields, and hence commutative. This displays von Neumann's architectural qualities: it is "deep" in a way in which the symbol manipulati...

Abstract. We estimate the cost of formalizing a proper standard library for proof checking of mathematics in the spirit of the QED project. Apparently it will take approximately 140 man-years. This estimate does not include the development of the proof checking program, nor does it include work on the metatheory of that program. This should discourage any individual or small research group to think they can reach anything like the goal of the QED project on their own.

Knowledge representation, human-machine coorperation. While mathematicians already benefit from the computer as regards numerical problems, visualization, symbolic manipulation, typesetting, etc., there is no common facility to store and process information, and mathematicians usually have to communicate the same mathematical content multiple times to the computer. We are in the process of creating and implementing a framework that is capable of representing and interfacing optimization problems, and we argue that this framework can be used to represent arbitrary mathematics and contribute towards a universal mathematical database. 1

Abstract. Mathematical Knowledge Management (MKM), as a field, has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. This period was one where many research threads were started, and the field was defining itself. We believe that we are now in a position to use the MKM body of knowledge as a means to define what MKM is, what it worries about, etc. In this paper, we review the literature of MKM and gather various metadata from these papers. After offering some definitions surrounding MKM, we analyse the metadata we have gathered from these papers, in an effort to cast more light on the field of MKM and its evolution.