Asynchronous design has been an active area of research since at least the mid 1950's, but has yet to achieve widespread use. We examine the benefits and problems inherent in asynchronous computations, and in some of the more notable design methodologies. These include Huffman asynchronous circuits, burst-mode circuits, micropipelines, template-based and trace theory-based delay-insensitive circuits, signal transition graphs, change diagrams, and compilation-based quasi-delay-insensitive circuits.

We present a method for analyzing the time performance of asynchronous circuits, in particular, those derived by program transformation from concurrent programs using the synthesis approach developed by the second author. The analysis method produces a performance metric (related to the time needed to perform an operation) in terms of the primitive gate delays of the circuit. Such a metric provides a quantitative means by which to compare competing designs. Because the gate delays are functions of transistor sizes, the performance metric can be optimized with respect to these sizes. For a large class of asynchronous circuits---including those produced by using our synthesis method---these techniques produce the global optimum of the performance metric. A CAD tool has been implemented to perform this optimization. 1 Introduction Performance analysis of a synchronous computer system is simplified by an external clock that partitions the events in the system into discrete segments. In a...

Abstract — We present a programming interface called YAPI to model signal processing applications as process networks. The purpose of YAPI is to enable the reuse of signal processing applications and the mapping of signal processing applications onto heterogeneous systems that contain hardware and software components. To this end, YAPI separates the concerns of the application programmer, who determines the functionality of the system, and the system designer, who determines the implementation of the functionality. The proposed model of computation extends the existing model of Kahn process networks with channel selection to support non-deterministic events. We provide an efficient implementation of YAPI in the form of a C++ run-time library to execute the applications on a workstation. Subsequently, the applications are used by the system designer as input for mapping and performance analysis in the design of complex signal processing systems. We evaluate this methodology on the design of a digital video broadcast system-on-chip.

A vast amount of work has been done in recent years on the design, analysis, implementation and verification of special purpose parallel computing systems. This paper presents a survey of various aspects of this work. A long, but by no means complete, bibliography is given. 1. Introduction Turing [365] demonstrated that, in principle, a single general purpose sequential machine could be designed which would be capable of efficiently performing any computation which could be performed by a special purpose sequential machine. The importance of this universality result for subsequent practical developments in computing cannot be overstated. It showed that, for a given computational problem, the additional efficiency advantages which could be gained by designing a special purpose sequential machine for that problem would not be great. Around 1944, von Neumann produced a proposal [66, 389] for a general purpose storedprogram sequential computer which captured the fundamental principles of...

In this paper we present a synthesis method that utilizes timing constraints to generate timed asynchronous circuits. By unfolding the cyclic graph specification of an asynchronous circuit into an infinite acyclic graph, we are able to use efficient algorithms to analyze the given timing constraints. We derive a sufficient condition for the removal of redundancy in the specification. Based on this condition, we only need to analyze a finite subgraph of the infinite acyclic graph for derivation of a correct implementation. To the reduced specification, we apply a systematic synthesis procedure that further optimizes the implementation based on the timing constraints. Using realistic circuit examples, we demonstrate that the resulting timed implementation can be significantly reduced in complexity from its speed-independent counterpart while remaining hazard-free under the given timing constraints.

Asynchronous design has enjoyed a revival of interest recently, as designers seek to eliminate penalties of traditional synchronous design. In principle, asynchronous methods promise to avoid overhead due to clock skew, worst-case design assumptions and resynchronization of asynchronous external inputs. In practice, however, many asynchronous design methods suffer from a number of problems: unsound algorithms (implementations may have hazards), harsh restrictions on the range of designs that can be handled (single-input changes only), incompatibility with existing design styles and inefficiency in the resulting circuits. This thesis presents a new locally-clocked design method for the synthesis of asynchronous controllers. The method has been automated, is proven correct and produces high-performance implementations which are hazard-free at the gate-level. Implementations allow multiple-input changes and handle a relatively unconstrained class of behaviors (called "burst-mode" specifications). The method produces state-machine implementations with a minimal or near-minimal number of states. Implementations can be easily built in such common VLSI design styles as gate-array, standard cell and full-custom. Realizations typically have the latency of

Abstract — I discuss connectivity between neuromorphic chips, which use the timing of fixed-height, fixed-width, pulses to encode information. Address-events—log2 (N)-bit packets that uniquely identify one of N neurons—are used to transmit these pulses in real-time on a random-access, time-multiplexed, communication channel. Activity is assumed to consist of neuronal ensembles—spikes clustered in space and in time. I quantify tradeoffs faced in allocating bandwidth, granting access, and queuing, as well as throughput requirements, and conclude that an arbitered channel design is the best choice. I implement the arbitered channel with a formal design methodology for asynchronous digital VLSI CMOS systems, after introducing the reader to this top-down synthesis technique. Following the evolution of three generations of designs, I show how the overhead of arbitrating, and encoding and decoding, can be reduced in area (from N to √ N) by organizing neurons into rows and columns, and reduced in time (from log2 (N) to 2) by exploiting locality in the arbiter tree and in the row–column architecture, and clustered activity. Throughput is boosted by pipelining and by reading spikes in parallel. Simple techniques that reduce crosstalk in these mixed analog–digital systems are described.

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In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the design of asynchronous circuits due to their ability to eliminate clock skew problems, achieve average case performance, adapt to processing and environmental variations, provide component modularity, and lower system power requirements. Traditional academic asynchronous designs methods use unbounded delay assumptions, resulting in circuits that are verifiable, but ignore timing for simplicity, leading to unnecessarily conservative designs. In industry, however, timing is critical to reduce both chip area and circuit delay. Due to a lack of formal methods that handle timing information correctly, circuits with timing constraints usually require extensive simulation to gain confidence in the design. This thesis bridges this gap by introducing timed circuits in which explicit timing information is incorporated into the specification and utilized throughout the design procedure to optimize the implementation. Our timed circu...