Memory evolved to supply useful, timely information to the organism’s decision-making systems. Therefore, decision rules, multiple memory systems, and the search engines that link them should have coevolved to mesh in a coadapted, functionally interlocking way. This adaptationist perspective suggested the scope hypothesis: When a generalization is retrieved from semantic memory, episodic memories that are inconsistent with it should be retrieved in tandem to place boundary conditions on the scope of the generalization. Using a priming paradigm and a decision task involving person memory, the authors tested and confirmed this hypothesis. The results support the view that priming is an evolved adaptation. They further show that dissociations between memory systems are not—and should not be—absolute: Independence exists for some tasks but not others. Memory is a gift of nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired information or knowledge.... Owners of biological memory systems are capable of behaving more appropriately at a later time because of their experiences at an earlier time, a feat not possible for organisms without memory. (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751) If there is one proposition on which all psychologists seem to

Contents of Remembering 8. Serial Learning Robert Crowder & Robert Greene 9. Remembering Words and Actions Lars-Göran Nilsson 10. Remembering Spaces Barbara Tversky 11. Remembering People and Faces Andrew Young Reflection in Remembering 12. Memory Judgments Douglas Hintzman 13. Source Monitoring Marcia Johnson 14. Metamemory Judgments Janet Metcalfe 15. Memory Strategies Asher Koriat Awareness in Remembering 16. Recollection and Familiarity Larry Jacoby 17. Remembering and Knowing John Gardiner 18. Unconscious Processes in Memory Jeffrey Toth Part III Memory in Life Memory in Development 19. Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Carolyn Rovee-Collier & Harlene Hayne 20. Memory Development and Socialization Katherine Nelson & Robyn Fyvush 21. Memory and Theory of Mind Josef Perner Memory in Use 22. Remembering Life's Experiences Ulric Neisser 23. Permanence of Acquired Knowledge Harry Bahrick 24. Memory and

In 2 experiments, the acquisition of new declarative knowledge was examined in amnesic patients and in 7 groups of controls, with a study-only procedure that delayed testing until the conclusion of training. The study-only procedure was compared with a standard procedure in which study and test trials alternated (study-test). The amnesic patients acquired new factual (declarative) knowledge at an abnormally slow rate, learning more with the study-only procedure than with the study-test procedure. Controls exhibited the opposite pattern. The advantage of the study-only procedure for amnesic patients was related to the presence of frontal lobe dysfunction. The 2 groups exhibited a similar ability to use their knowledge flexibly, suggesting that the information acquired by amnesic patients was based on their residual capacity for declarative memory. In addition, the capacity for factual learning in amnesia was proportional to the capacity to recollect specific events in the learning session. An important feature of the amnesic syndrome is impaired acquisition of new declarative knowledge, including information about specific events and episodes as well as information about factual material. In this sense, it is sometimes stated that

iteria. Declarative Memory Observations of preserved and impaired memory in patients with amnesia indicate that the recall and recognition of facts and episodes, or declarative memory, is dependent on a particular subset of brain regions and can be disrupted selectively. How can we develop a better understanding of this selectivity? Indeed, one might pose the question: Why is declarative memory different from all other forms of memory? Here are four answers to this question: 1. Because declarative memory has distinct behavioral characteristics. 2. Because declarative memory has distinct subjective characteristics. 3. Because declarative memory has a distinct cognitive structure. 4. Because declarative memory has distinct neural substrates. Memory theorists tend to give one or another of these answers greater emphasis, as discussed further below. In any event, determi