Part 1 of this paper is the previously unpublished 1972 memorandum [43], with editorial changes and some minor corrections. Part 2 presents what happened next, together with some further development of the material. The first part begins with an elementary set-theoretical model of the fi-calculus. Functions are modeled in a similar way to that normally employed in set theory, by their graphs; difficulties are caused in this enterprise by the axiom of foundation. Next, based on that model, a model of the fij-calculus is constructed by means of a natural deduction method. Finally, a theorem is proved giving some general properties of those non-trivial models of the fij-calculus which are continuous complete lattices. The second part begins with a brief discussion of models of the -calculus in set theories with anti-foundation axioms. Next the model of the fi- calculus of Part 1 and also the closely related---but different!---models of Scott [53, 54] and of Engeler [21, 22] are reviewed....

) 1 J. M. E. Hyland 2 C.-H. L. Ong 3 University of Cambridge, England Abstract This paper is motivated by the discovery that an appropriate quotient SN 3 of the strongly normalising untyped 3-terms (where 3 is just a formal constant) forms a partial applicative structure with the inherent application operation. The quotient structure satisfies all but one of the axioms of a partial combinatory algebra (pca). We call such partial applicative structures conditionally partial combinatory algebras (c-pca). Remarkably, an arbitrary right-absorptive c-pca gives rise to a tripos provided the underlying intuitionistic predicate logic is given an interpretation in the style of Kreisel's modified realizability, as opposed to the standard Kleenestyle realizability. Starting from an arbitrary right-absorptive c-pca U , the tripos-to-topos construction due to Hyland et al. can then be carried out to build a modified realizability topos TOPm (U ) of non-standard sets equipped with an equali...

Partial combinatory algebras occur regularly in the literature as a framework for an abstract formulation of computation theory or recursion theory. In this paper we develop some general theory concerning homomorphic images (or collapses) of pca's, obtained by identification of elements in a pca. We establish several facts concerning final collapses (maximal identification of elements). `En passant' we find another example of a pca that cannot be extended to a total one. 1

[41], with editorial changes and some minor corrections. Part 2 presents what happened next, together with some further development of the material. The first part begins with an elementary set-theoretical model of the λβ-calculus. Functions are modelled in a similar way to that normally employed in set theory, by their graphs; difficulties are caused in this enterprise by the axiom of foundation. Next, based on that model, a model of the λβη-calculus is constructed by means of a natural deduction method. Finally, a theorem is proved giving some general properties of those non-trivial models of the λβη-calculus which are continuous complete lattices. In the second part we begin with a brief discussion of models of the λ-calculus in set theories with anti-foundation axioms. Next we review the model of the λβ-calculus of Part 1 and also the closely related—but different!—models of Scott [51, 52] and of Engeler [19, 20]. Then we discuss general frameworks in which elementary constructions of models can be given. Following Longo [36], one can employ certain Scott-Engeler algebras.

In this note, we prove that having unique head-normal forms is a sufficient condition on partial combinatory algebras to be completable. As application, we show that the pca of strongly normalizing CL-terms as well as the pca of natural numbers with partial recursive function application can be extended to total combinatory algebras. 1.

Introduction Consider a structure A = hA; s; k; \Deltai, where A is some set containing the distinguished elements s; k, equipped with a binary operation \Delta on A, called application, which may be partial. Notation 1.1. 1 Instead of a \Delta b we write ab; and in writing applicative expressions, the usual convention of association to the left is employed. So for elements a; b; c 2 A, the expression aba(ac) is short for ((a \Delta b) \Delta a) \Delta (a \Delta c). 2 ab # will mean that ab is defined; ab " means that ab is not defined. Obviously, an applicative expression

A Partial Combinatory Algebra is completable if it can be extended to a total one. Klop [11, 12] gave a sufficient condition for completability of a PCA M = (M,·,K,S) in the form of ten axioms (inequalities) on terms of M. We prove that Klop’s sufficient condition is equivalent to the existence of an injective s-m-n function over M (that in turns is equivalent to the Padding Lemma). This is proved by working with an alternative characterization of PCA’s, recently introduced by the authors (Effective Applicative Structures). As a corollary, we show that nine of Klop’s ten axioms are actually redundant (the so called Barendregt’s axiom is enough to guarantee completability). Moreover, we prove that any Uniformly Reflexive Structure [17, 18, 16] is completable. 1

Completing partial algebra models of term rewriting systems