We investigate the development of theories of types and computability via realizability.

The Theory of Contexts is a type-theoretic axiomatization which has been recently proposed by some of the authors for giving a metalogical account of the fundamental notions of variable and context as they appear in Higher Order Abstract Syntax. In this paper, we prove that this theory is consistent by building a model based on functor categories. By means of a suitable notion of forcing, we prove that this model validates Classical Higher Order Logic, the Theory of Contexts, and also (parametrised) structural induction and recursion principles over contexts. The approach we present in full detail should be useful also for reasoning on other models based on functor categories. Moreover, the construction could be adopted, and possibly generalized, also for validating other theories of names and binders. Contents 1 The object language 4 2 The metalanguage (Framework System #) 6 2.1 Syntax 6 2.2 Typing and logical judgements 7 2.3 Adequacy of the encoding 8 2.4 Remarks on the design of # 9 3 Category-theoretic preliminaries 11 4.1 The ambient categories 4.2 Interpreting types 16 4.3 Interpreting environments 18 4.4 Interpreting the typing judgement of terms 19 4.5 Interpreting logical judgements 21 is a model of # 22 5.1 Forcing 22 5.2 Characterisation of Leibniz equality 23 models logical axioms and rules 26 models the Theory of Contexts 27 6 Recursion 28 6.1 First-order recursion 28 6.2 Higher-order recursion 31 7 Induction 33 7.1 First-order induction 34 7.2 Higher-order induction 37 8 Connections with tripos theory 38 9 Related work 41 9.1 Semantics based on functor categories 41 9.2 Logics for nominal calculi 44 10 Conclusions 45 A Proofs 46 A.1 Proof of Proposition 4.2 46 A.2 Proof of Proposition 4.3 47 A.3 Proof of Theorem 5.1 48 A.4 Proof of...

Toposes and quasi-toposes have been shown to be useful in mathematics, logic and computer science. Because of this, it is important to understand the di#erent ways in which they can be constructed. Realizability toposes and presheaf toposes are two important classes of toposes. All of the former and many of the latter arise by adding "good " quotients of equivalence relations to a simple category with finite limits. This construction is called the exact completion of the original category. Exact completions are not always toposes and it was not known, not even in the realizability and presheaf cases, when or why toposes arise in this way. Exact completions can be obtained as the composition of two related constructions. The first one assigns to a category with finite limits, the "best " regular category (called its regular completion) that embeds it. The second assigns to

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The incremental approach to modular monadic semantics constructs complex monads by using monad transformers to add computational features to a preexisting monad. A complication of this approach is that the operations associated to the pre-existing monad need to be lifted to the new monad. In a companion paper by Jaskelioff, the lifting problem has been addressed in the setting of system F ω. Here, we recast and extend those results in a category-theoretic setting. We abstract and generalize from monads to monoids (in a monoidal category), and from monad transformers to monoid transformers. The generalization brings more simplicity and clarity, and opens the way for lifting of operations with applicability beyond monads. Key words: Monad, Monoid, Monoidal Category

This paper is about purely categorical approaches to realizability, and contrasts with recent work particularly by Longley [14] and Lietz and Streicher [13], in which the basis is taken as a typed generalisation of a partial combinatory algebra. We, like they, will be interested in when the construction yields a topos, and hence gives a full interpretation of higher-order logic. This is also a theme of Birkedal's work, see [1, 2], and his joint work in [3]. Birkedal makes considerable use of the construction we study. We present realizability toposes as the product of two constructions. First one takes a category (which corresponds to the typed partial combinatory algebra), and then one glues Set to it in a variant of the comma construction. This, as we shall see, has the eect of improving the categorical properties of the algebra category. Then one takes an exact completion of the result. This also has the eect of improving the categorical properties. Formally the main result of the paper is that the result is a topos just (modulo some technical conditions) when the original category has a universal object. Early work on realizability (e.g.[12, 22], or see [23]) is characterised by its largely syntactic nature. The core denition is when a sentence of some formal logic is realised, and the main interest is in when certain deductive principles (such as Markov's rule) are validated. Martin Hyland's invention y The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the EPSRC, EU Working Group 26142 APPSEM, and MURST 1 2 of realizability toposes [10] advances on this, not only in the simplicity of the construction, but by providing a semantic framework in which the formal logics can naturally be interpreted. Hyland was strongly motivated in his work by a then recent approach...

5.1 Definition and Examples 5.1.1 Definition and Definability Results A tripos is a weak tripos with disjunction which has a (weak) generic object. Explicitly we define: