Abstract—The entanglement-assisted classical capacity of a noisy quantum channel ( ) is the amount of information per channel use that can be sent over the channel in the limit of many uses of the channel, assuming that the sender and receiver have access to the resource of shared quantum entanglement, which may be used up by the communication protocol. We show that the capacity is given by an expression parallel to that for the capacity of a purely classical channel: i.e., the maximum, over channel inputs, of the entropy of the channel input plus the entropy of the channel output minus their joint entropy, the latter being defined as the entropy of an entangled purification of after half of it has passed through the channel. We calculate entanglement-assisted capacities for two interesting quantum channels, the qubit amplitude damping channel and the bosonic channel with amplification/attenuation and Gaussian noise. We discuss how many independent parameters are required to completely characterize the asymptotic behavior of a general quantum channel, alone or in the presence of ancillary resources such as prior entanglement. In the classical analog of entanglement-assisted communication—communication over a discrete memoryless channel (DMC) between parties who share prior random information—we show that one parameter is sufficient, i.e., that in the presence of prior shared random information, all DMCs of equal capacity can simulate one another with unit asymptotic efficiency. Index Terms—Channel capacity, entanglement, quantum information, Shannon theory. I.

We present several applications of quantum amplitude amplification to finding claws and collisions in ordered or unordered functions. Our algorithms generalize those of Brassard, Høyer, and Tapp, and imply an O(N 3/4 log N) quantum upper bound for the element distinctness problem in the comparison complexity model. This contrasts with Θ(N log N) classical complexity. We also prove a lower bound of Ω ( √ N) comparisons for this problem and derive bounds for a number of related problems. 1

We present two new quantum algorithms that either find a triangle (a copy of K3) in an undirected graph G on n nodes, or reject if G is triangle free. The first algorithm uses combinatorial ideas with Grover Search and makes Õ(n10/7) queries. The second algorithm uses Õ(n13/10) queries, and it is based on a design concept of Ambainis [6] that incorporates the benefits of quantum walks into Grover search [18]. The first algorithm uses only O(log n) qubits in its quantum subroutines, whereas the second one uses O(n) qubits. The Triangle Problem was first treated in [12], where an algorithm with O(n + √ nm) query complexity was presented, where m is the number of edges of G.

Can Grover’s algorithm speed up search of a physical region—for example a 2-D grid of size √ n × √ n? The problem is that √ n time seems to be needed for each query, just to move amplitude across the grid. Here we show that this problem can be surmounted, refuting a claim to the contrary by Benioff. In particular, we show how to search a d-dimensional hypercube in time O ( √ n) for d ≥ 3, or O ( √ nlog 5/2 n) for d = 2. More generally, we introduce a model of quantum query complexity on graphs, motivated by fundamental physical limits on information storage, particularly the holographic principle from black hole thermodynamics. Our results in this model include almost-tight upper and lower bounds for many search tasks; a generalized algorithm that works for any graph with good expansion properties, not just hypercubes; and relationships among several notions of ‘locality’ for unitary matrices acting on graphs. As an application of our results, we give an O (√ n)-qubit communication protocol for the disjointness problem, which improves an upper bound of Høyer and de Wolf and matches a lower bound of Razborov.

We present the first explicit connection between quantum computation and lattice problems. Namely, we show a solution to the unique-SVP under the assumption that there exists...

Although a quantum state requires exponentially many classical bits to describe, the laws of quantum mechanics impose severe restrictions on how that state can be accessed. This paper shows in three settings that quantum messages have only limited advantages over classical ones.

The k-LOCAL HAMILTONIAN problem is a natural complete problem for the complexity class QMA, the quantum analog of NP. It is similar in spirit to MAX-k-SAT, which is NPcomplete for k ≥ 2. It was known that the problem is QMA-complete for any k ≥ 3. On the other hand 1-LOCAL HAMILTONIAN is in P, and hence not believed to be QMA-complete. The complexity of the 2-LOCAL HAMILTONIAN problem has long been outstanding. Here we settle the question and prove that it is QMA-complete. One component in our proof is a powerful technique for analyzing the sum of two Hamiltonians; this technique is based on perturbation theory and we believe that it might prove useful elsewhere. Our proof also implies that adiabatic computation with two-local interactions on qubits is equivalent to standard quantum computation. 1

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A strong direct product theorem says that if we want to compute k independent instances of a function, using less than k times the resources needed for one instance, then our overall success probability will be exponentially small in k. We establish such theorems for the classical as well as quantum query complexity of the OR function. This implies slightly weaker direct product results for all total functions. We prove a similar result for quantum communication protocols computing k instances of the Disjointness function. Our direct product theorems...

Abstract. Suppose we have n algorithms, quantum or classical, each computing some bit-value with bounded error probability. We describe a quantum algorithm that uses O ( √ n) repetitions of the base algorithms and with high probability finds the index of a 1-bit among these n bits (if there is such an index). This shows that it is not necessary to first significantly reduce the error probability in the base algorithms to O(1/poly(n)) (which would require O ( √ nlog n) repetitions in total). Our technique is a recursive interleaving of amplitude amplification and error-reduction, and may be of more general interest. Essentially, it shows that quantum amplitude amplification can be made to work also with a bounded-error verifier. As a corollary we obtain optimal quantum upper bounds of O ( √ N) queries for all constant-depth AND-OR trees on N variables, improving upon earlier upper bounds of O ( √ Npolylog(N)). 1