There are several generalizations of the classical theory of Sobolev spaces as they are necessary for the applications to Carnot-Carathéodory spaces, subelliptic equations, quasiconformal mappings on Carnot groups and more general Loewner spaces, analysis on topological manifolds, potential theory on infinite graphs, analysis on fractals and the theory of Dirichlet forms. The aim of this paper is to present a unified approach to the theory of Sobolev spaces that covers applications to many of those areas. The variety of different areas of applications forces a very general setting. We are given a metric space X equipped with a doubling measure ¯. A generalization of a Sobolev function and its gradient is a pair u 2 L 1 loc (X), 0 g 2 L p (X) such that for every ball B ae X the Poincar'e-type inequality Z B ju \Gamma uB j d¯ Cr `Z oeB g p d¯ ' 1=p holds, where r is the radius of B and oe 1, C ? 0 are fixed constants. Working in the above setting we show that basically...

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We show that, if a certain Sobolev inequality holds, then a scale-invariant elliptic Harnack inequality suces to imply its a priori stronger parabolic counterpart. Neither the relative Sobolev inequality nor the elliptic Harnack inequality alone suces to imply the parabolic Harnack inequality in question; both are necessary conditions. As an application, we show the equivalence between parabolic Harnack inequality for on M , (i.e., for @ t + ) and elliptic Harnack inequality for @ 2 t + on R M . 1

We give upper estimates on the long time behaviour of the heat kernel on a non-compact Riemannian manifold and infinite graphs, which only depend on a lower bound of the volume growth. We also show that these estimates are optimal.

We characterize the possible asymptotic behaviors of the compression associated to a uniform embedding into some L p-space, with 1 < p < ∞, for a large class of groups including connected Lie groups with exponential growth and word-hyperbolic finitely generated groups. In particular, the Hilbert compression rate of these groups is equal to 1. This also provides new and optimal estimates for the compression of a uniform embedding of the infinite 3-regular tree into some L p-space. The main part of the paper is devoted to the explicit construction of affine isometric actions of amenable connected Lie groups on L p-spaces whose compressions are asymptotically optimal. These constructions are based on an asymptotic lower bound of the L p-isoperimetric profile inside balls. We compute the asymptotic of this profile for all amenable connected Lie groups and for all 1 ≤ p < ∞, providing new geometric invariants of these groups. We also relate the Hilbert compression rate with other asymptotic quantities such

Abstract. This is the fourth article of our series. Here, we apply the results of [AM1] to study weighted norm inequalities for the Riesz transform of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on Riemannian manifolds and of subelliptic sum of squares on Lie groups, under the doubling volume property and Poincaré inequalities. 1. Introduction and

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Abstract. In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the volume of spheres in metric measure spaces. We first introduce a general setting adapted to the study of asymptotic isoperimetry in a general class of metric measure spaces. Let A be a family of subsets of a metric measure space (X, d, µ), with finite, unbounded volume. For t> 0, we define: I ↓ A (t) = inf A∈A,µ(A)≥t µ(∂A). We say that A is asymptotically isoperimetric if ∀t> 0: I ↓ A (t) ≤ CI(Ct), where I is the profile of X. We show that there exist graphs with uniform polynomial growth whose balls are not asymptotically isoperimetric and we discuss the stability of related properties under quasi-isometries. Finally, we study the asymptotically isoperimetric properties of connected subsets in a metric measure space. In particular, we build graphs with uniform polynomial growth whose connected subsets are not asymptotically isoperimetric. 1.

Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Preliminaries 2 2.1 The gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 The distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3 The doubling property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 The Poincar'e inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5 The p-Laplacian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6 The non-smooth case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.7 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 p-parabolicity and p-hyperbolicity 10 3.1 An inequality for supersolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 Volume growth and p-parabolicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .