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This paper describes DOLPHIN, a fully group aware application designed to provide computer support for different types of meetings: face--to--face meetings with a large interactive electronic whiteboard with or without networked computers provided to the participants, extensions of these meetings with remote participants at their desktop computers connected via computer and audio/video networks and/ or participants in a second meeting room also provided with an electronic whiteboard and networked computers. DOLPHIN supports the creation and manipulation of informal structures (e.g. free hand drawings, handwritten scribbles) as well as formal structures (e.g. hypermedia documents with typed nodes and links) and their coexistence and transformation.

NotePals is a lightweight note sharing system that gives group members easy access to each other’s experiences through their personal notes. The system allows notes taken by group members in any context to be uploaded to a shared repository. Group members view these notes with browsers that allow them to retrieve all notes taken in a given context or to access notes from other related notes or documents. This is possible because NotePals records the context in which each note is created (e.g., its author, subject, and creation time). The system is “lightweight” because it fits easily into group members ’ regular notetaking practices, and uses informal, ink-based user interfaces that run on portable, inexpensive hardware. In this paper we describe NotePals, show how we have used it to share our notes, and present our evaluations of the system.

this paper, we give a vision of third- and fourth-generation hypermedia, and some direction for developers to implement them on the web---and indeed in other information systems

The characteristics of a group's task have been shown to account for more than half the variation in group interaction. In the context of group support systems (GSS), the importance of task has been underscored by the recommendation that achieving a fit between task and technology should be a principle for effective GSS use. Although the body of group support systems research has grown in recent years, and experience with different tasks and technologies now exists, no generally accepted theory of task/technology fit has emerged. This paper develops a theory of task/technology fit in GSS environments based on attributes 'Robert Zmud was the accepting senior editor for this paper. GSS Task/Technology Fit of task complexity and their relationship to relevant dimensions of GSS technology. Propositions to guide further research are developed from the theory.

DIVA, a novel environment for group work, is presented. This prototype virtual office environment provides support for communication, cooperation, and awareness in both the synchronous and asynchronous modes, smoothly integrated into a simple and intuitive interface which may be viewed as a replacement for the standard graphical user interface desktop. In order to utilize the skills that people have acquired through years of shared work in the real offices, DIVA is modeled after the standard office, abstracting elements of physical offices required to support collaborative work: people, rooms, desks, and documents. KEYWORDS: Groupware, Communication, Cooperation, Awareness, Synchronous/asynchronous, Virtual office, Integration, CSCW INTRODUCTION CSCW and groupware are sufficiently mature that there are now numerous examples of both commercial products and research prototypes for most of the major categories of CSCW technologies (the unOfficial Yellow Pages of CSCW lists 340 commerci...

. The simultaneous evolution of personal computing tools and networks has focused attention on the notion of harnessing computer technology to assist in human collaboration on group work. While personal productivity tool technology and use have reached a high level of sophistication, the most basic ideas for how computer technology should assist in collaboration across the network have not yet converged. The approaches range from ones where coordination of work is uniquely human-controlled, to workflow-based approaches where the computer is involved in scheduling the group's work. This survey paper describes how workflow technology has evolved from a modeling focus to flexible model-based systems to support collaborative work across this range of work styles. 1. Introduction In the last 15 years, personal computing has grown so powerful it has fundamentally changed the way people conduct business. However, this new technology has had difficulty providing well-accepted ways of support...

This article describes research in the application of a (topics) in an electronic meeting setting. Electronic meet- Kohonen Self-Organizing Map ( SOM ) to the problem of ing systems (EMSs) provide support for large groups classification of electronic brainstorming output and an interactively working on a single problem or collection evaluation of the results. Electronic brainstorming is one of problems (Nunamaker, Dennis, Valacich, & Vogel, of the most productive tools in the Electronic Meeting 1991; Vogel, Nunamaker, Martz, Grohowski, & McGoff, System called GroupSystems. A major step in group problem solving involves the classification of electronic 1989) . Large groups of people are thereby enabled to use brainstorming output into a manageable list of concepts, a network of computers to discuss complex organizational topics, or issues that can be further evaluated by the problems electronically. These electronic discussions cre- group. This step is problematic due to information over- ate large quantities of text in a very short period of time. A load and the cognitive demand of processing a large major stage in the group problem solving process involves quantity of textual data. This research builds upon previous work in automating the meeting classification pro- classifying these large quantities of text into a manageable cess using a Hopfield neural network. Evaluation of the list or set of concepts / topics. Experience with this classi- Kohonen output comparing it with Hopfield and human fication process has shown that meeting convergence is expert output using the same set of data found that the problematic for participants and meeting facilitators. Kohonen SOM performed as well as a human expert in representing term association in the meeting outp...

this paper, I review the history of HCI as steps toward a science of design. My touchstone is Simon's (1969) provocative book he Sciences of the Artificial. The book pre-dates HCI, and many of its specific characterizations and claims about design are no longer authoritative (see Ehn, 1988). Nevertheless, two of Simon's themes echo through the history of HCI, and still provide guidance for charting its continuing development

Communication theories and technology have tended to focus on extended, formal meetings and have neglected a prevalent and vital form of workplace communication—namely, lightweight communication. Unlike formal, extended meetings, lightweight interaction is brief, informal, unplanned, and intermittent. We analyze naturalistic data from a study of workplace communication and derive five design criteria for lightweight interaction systems. These criteria require that systems for lightweight interaction support conversational tracking, rapid connection, the ability to leave a message, context management, and shared real-time objects. Using these criteria, we evaluate existing interpersonal communications technologies. We then describe an implementation of a system (TeleNotes) that is designed to support lightweight interaction by meeting these criteria. The interface metaphor allows communications to be based around desktop objects, resembling “sticky notes. ” These objects are also organized into “desktop piles ” to support conversational threads and provide mechanisms for initiating real-time audio, video, and application sharing. We conducted informal user testing of several system prototypes. Based on our findings, outstanding issues concerning theory and systems design for communication systems are outlined—in particular, with regard to the issue of managing conversations over time.