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Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells form functionally distinct sublayers
- Hippocampus
, 2011
"... nature neurOSCIenCe a r t I C l e S Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented 1-3 , principal cells are typically grouped together on the basis of their cortical layer and/or subregion assignments. However, several recent observations ha ..."
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nature neurOSCIenCe a r t I C l e S Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented 1-3 , principal cells are typically grouped together on the basis of their cortical layer and/or subregion assignments. However, several recent observations have suggested that there are distinct subgroups of principal neurons with different properties, projections and local interactions, even in the same region and cortical layer The hippocampal CA1 region is a model system that is frequently used to study plasticity, pharmacological effects and intracellular features. In the rodent, CA1 pyramidal neurons form a compact layer consisting of 5-8 superimposed rows of pyramidal neurons. Each pyramidal cell is typically assumed to have similar morphology, inputs, outputs and biophysical properties 15 . In contrast with this notion, anatomical experiments indicate that the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex project preferentially to proximal and distal parts of the CA1 region 16 , respectively. Correlated with this topography, pyramidal cells show a gradually increasing propensity of emitting spike bursts 17 and decreasing spatial specificity in the proximo-distal (CA3 to subiculum) direction 18 . Other physiological observations also point to functional segregation in CA1 pyramidal cells. For example, the magnitude of somatodendritic backpropagation of action potential shows a bimodality, perhaps as a result of subtle morphological differences of pyramidal cells 19 . The phase preference of CA1 pyramidal cells to gamma oscillations also has a bimodal distribution Another potential source of variability of CA1 pyramidal neurons is the position or depth relative to the cell layer 21 . Supporting this hypothesis, early studies have demonstrated segregation of calbindin immunoreactivity 22 and zinc content 23 in the deep and superficial substrata of CA1 pyramidal layer, and, more recently, within-layer differences have become apparent in gene expression studies RESULTS Local field potentials (LFPs) and unit firing were recorded in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal layer (n = 10 rats; Localization of neuronal somata in the CA1 pyramidal layer The vertical span (140 µm) and the precise distribution of the eight recording sites on the probe shanks (20-µm vertical steps) allowed us to determine the relative depths of the cell bodies of the simultaneously recorded neurons
Review
"... Elite competitive swimmers are particularly affected by airway disorders that are probably related to regular and intense training sessions in a chlorinated environment. Upper and lower airway respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, airway hyper-responsiveness, and exercise-induced bron-choconstriction are ..."
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Elite competitive swimmers are particularly affected by airway disorders that are probably related to regular and intense training sessions in a chlorinated environment. Upper and lower airway respiratory symptoms, rhinitis, airway hyper-responsiveness, and exercise-induced bron-choconstriction are highly prevalent in these athletes, but their infl uence on athletic performance is still unclear. The authors reviewed the main upper and lower respira-tory ailments observed in competitive swimmers who train in indoor swimming pools, their pathophysiology, clinical signifi cance and possible effects on performance. Issues regarding the screening of these disorders, their management and preventive measures are addressed.
Review Article Selective Vulnerability of Neurons in Layer II of the Entorhinal Cortex during Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
"... Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All neurons are not created equal. Certain cell populations in specific brain regions are more susceptible to age-related changes that initiate regional an ..."
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Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All neurons are not created equal. Certain cell populations in specific brain regions are more susceptible to age-related changes that initiate regional and system-level dysfunction. In this respect, neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex are selectively vulnerable in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This paper will cover several hypotheses that attempt to account for agerelated alterations among this cell population. We consider whether specific developmental, anatomical, or biochemical features of neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex contribute to their particular sensitivity to aging and AD. The entorhinal cortex is a functionally heterogeneous environment, and we will also review data suggesting that, within the entorhinal cortex, there is subregional specificity for molecular alterations that may initiate cognitive decline. Taken together, the existing data point to a regional cascade in which entorhinal cortical alterations directly contribute to downstream changes in its primary afferent region, the hippocampus. 1.
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, 2010
"... Chandelier (or axo-axonic) cells are one of the most distinctive GABAergic interneurons in the brain. Their exquisite target specificity for the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, together with their GABAergic nature, long suggested the possibility that they provide the ultimate inhibitory c ..."
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Chandelier (or axo-axonic) cells are one of the most distinctive GABAergic interneurons in the brain. Their exquisite target specificity for the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, together with their GABAergic nature, long suggested the possibility that they provide the ultimate inhibitory control of pyramidal neuron output. Recent findings indicate that their function may be more complicated, and perhaps more interesting, than initially believed. Here we review these recent developments and their implications. We focus in particular on whether chandelier cells may provide a depolarizing, excitatory effect on pyramidal neuron output, in addition to a powerful inhibition.
Biological Studies, USA Reviewed by:
, 2012
"... doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00032 Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex ..."
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doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00032 Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex
