Recent constraint-satisfaction models of explanation, analogy, and decision making claim that these processes are influenced by bidirectional constraints that promote coherence. College students were asked to reach a verdict in a complex legal case involving multiple conflicting arguments, including alternative analogies to the target case. Participants rated agreement with the individual arguments both in isolation before seeing the case, and again after reaching a verdict. Assessments of the individual arguments (including the competing analogies) shifted so as to cohere with their emerging verdict. Information about the character of the defendant in the initial case triggered a cascade of "spreading coherence", influencing decisions made about a subsequent case involving very different legal issues. Participants ' memory for their initial positions also shifted so as to cohere with their final positions. The coherence shifts were simulated by a constraint satisfaction model. The results demonstrate that an alogical process of constraint satisfaction can transform highly ambiguous inputs into coherent decisions. Bidirectional Reasoning 3 One of the most deep-rooted assumptions about human reasoning is that the flow of

This article presents a computational framework for understanding how media information about environmental problems influences cognition, emotion, and behaviour. The theoretical assumptions are formally specified and implemented in the computer model ITERA (Intuitive Thinking in Environmental Risk Appraisal) using a constraint satisfaction network. The model

Abstract:- This paper aims to provide grounding for the development of social intelligence in autonomous mobile robots by highlighting that little has been done in developing an explicit social framework for a team of robots engaged in collaborative work. Only recently has work been undertaken on developing social attributes and functionality in robotics [23] [16]. This review provides a somewhat historical perspective of artificial intelligence research in autonomous mobile robotics from classical approaches through “New AI ” to a discussion of the foundation issues for implementing a degree of explicit social functionality. Key-Words:- Social robots, social intelligence, embodiment, emotion 1

this paper the distinction between revision and update will be left somewhat fuzzy, especially when discussing the revisions which people make. In discussions pertaining to logics and possible worlds, however, the focus will be on the revision process as defined above. As for the update process in these contexts, Katsuno and Mendelzon began investigation into the peculiarities of update in [KM92], including a formalization of the process comparable to that described for revision in Section 3. 1.3 Foundations vs Coherence Theories

Recent theorizing about the nature of the cognitive impairment in autism suggests that autistic individuals display abnormally weak central coherence, the capacity to integrate information in order to make sense of ones environment. Our article shows the relevance of computational models of coherence to the understanding of weak central coherence. Using a theory of coherence as constraint satisfaction, we show how weak coherence can be simulated in a connectionist network that has unusually high inhibition compared to excitation. This connectionist model simulates autistic behavior on both the false belief task and the homograph task.

Brandstätter, Gigerenzer and Hertwig (2006) put forward the priority heuristic (PH) as a fast and frugal heuristic for decisions under risk. According to the PH, individuals do not make trade-offs between gains and probabilities, as proposed by expected utility models such as cumulative prospect theory (CPT), but use information in a non-compensatory manner and ignore information. We conducted three studies to test the PH empirically by analyzing individual choice patterns, decision times and information search parameters in diagnostic decision tasks. Results on all three dependent variables conflict with the predictions of the PH and can be better explained by the CPT. The predictive accuracy of the PH was high for decision tasks in which the predictions align with the predictions of the CPT but very low for decision tasks in which this was not the case. The findings indicate that earlier results supporting the PH might have been caused by

The recognition heuristic (RH; Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002) suggests that, when applicable, probabilistic inferences are based on a noncompensatory examination of whether an object is recognized or not. The overall findings on the processes that underlie this fast and frugal heuristic are somewhat mixed, and many studies have expressed the need for considering a more compensatory integration of recognition information. Regardless of the mechanism involved, it is clear that recognition has a strong influence on choices, and this finding might be explained by the fact that recognition cues arouse affect and thus receive more attention than cognitive cues. To test this assumption, we investigated whether recognition results in a direct affective signal by measuring physiological arousal (i.e., peripheral arterial tone) in the established city-size task. We found that recognition of cities does not directly result in increased physiological arousal. Moreover, the results show that physiological arousal increased with increasing inconsistency between recognition information and additional cue information. These findings support predictions derived by a compensatory Parallel Constraint Satisfaction model rather than predictions of noncompensatory models. Additional results concerning confidence ratings, response times, and choice proportions further demonstrated that recognition information and other cognitive cues are integrated in a compensatory manner.

Introduction This is a short article to examine the following possibility (and a couple of its corollaries): that a single agent might simultaneously have different utilities that are incommensurable. That is, not just that the different utilities the agent is seeking are independent or even conflicting but that there is no meaningful mapping from these different utilities to a single utility function, even a single ordinal utility ranking. In other words that the utilities may be of fundamentally different kinds so that any mapping to a single measure could only be made by losing the essential nature of one of them. This is in direct contradiction with the assumptions of many economic models e.g. [6] and goes beyond attempts to merely explain or fix intransitivity of choices (as in [1]). For example, one can imagine an agent which wished to maximise both income and love. Now one can imagine that these two utilities could be incommensurable - that is that there might be no mapping

Agents which exist in a multi-agent environment and wish to cooperate must individually form plans which incorporate the actions of their fellow agents. In this paper we present an agent architecture which permits high-level adaptive plans to be formed and revised, based on perceptions of the actions of other agents in the environment. This is achieved through a belief revision system based on constraint satisfaction in which high level beliefs concerning the relationships between values, norms, and intentions are represented and manipulated.

In this paper we present research which extends previous work concerning the application of philosophical theories to agent knowledge base (AKB) design. We show how the theories and techniques presented in this paper allow multiple agents to adapt to a dynamic environment, and pursue long-term goals and intentions. A system is implemented and described which tests the ability of agents based on the framework to act responsively, pro-actively, and cooperatively in a multi-agent environment.