1.1 The Problem This paper addresses the question \why and how is it that we say the same thing di erently to di erent people, or even to the same person in di erent circumstances? " We vary the

A series of three experiments investigated semantic and syntactic effects in the production of Adjective+Noun phrases in Dutch. Bilinguals (Dutch native speakers) were presented with English nouns and were asked to produce an Adjective+Noun phrase in Dutch which included the translation of the noun. In two experiments, we blocked items by either semantic category or grammatical gender.We found that participants performed the task slower when the target nouns were of the same semantic category than when they were from different categories; and faster when they were of the same grammatical gender than when they were of different gender. In a final experiment, both manipulations were crossed in order to both replicate the previous experiments and to test for interactions between the two effects. The results of the first two experiments were replicated, and crucially no interaction was found. These findings are compatible with models of lexical retrieval in production in which, first lexico-semantic and lexico-syntactic information are separable; second the flow of activation between the two is feedforward.

Abstract The present experiment explores the time course of Chinese lexical access in speech production. The experiment applies classical picture-word interference paradigm. The picture paired with different interfering stimulus (SEMANTIC, PHONOLOGICAL, UNRELATED and NEUTRAL) in different SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA). The results show that SOA and interfering condition affect the picture naming significantly. The interaction between SOA and interfering condition was also significant. The finding indicates that at SOA = 0 ms and 150 ms both semantic and phonological activation exist. Thus there is a stage of lexical access to a content word where its meaning and word-form are activated. The result provides evidence for the connectionist model from reaction time analysis. The time course of Chinese lexical access may different from the western language.

Word and paradigm morphology offers a perspective on lexical cognition with two cornerstones, words as the basic exemplars in memory, and paradigmatic similarity between stored exemplars driving structural generalization. In this paper, I review the experimental evidence for the role of exemplars of fully regular complex words in memory, and for the importance of paradigmatic structure in on-line lexical processing. Word and paradigm morphology offers a perspective on lexical cognition with two crucial cornerstones. The first cornerstone is that lexical knowledge is fundamentally exemplar-based. The second cornerstone is that morphological structure is grounded in the paradigmatic relations between exemplars in lexical memory. In this paper, I will review and report new experimental evidence that provides further support for the importance of these two important insights. If morphology is exemplar-driven, then regular complex words, irrespective of whether they are inflected or derived, should leave traces in lexical memory. Over the last years, evidence has been accumulating that such memory traces indeed exist. In both reading and listening, a high frequency of use leads to a processing advantage for regularly inflected words (e.g., Baayen et al.,

The paper reports empirical and computational research on semantic facilitation and inhibition in the picture-word interference paradigm for different values of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). The main claim it makes is that purely semantic facilitation effects are conditioned by the degree of picture-word semantic similarity in contrast to inhibition effects for which categorical relatedness is typically sufficient. The experimental results support this claim and a simulation with an attractor neural network attempts to provide a unified account of semantic facilitation and inhibition in this paradigm as a function of SOA.