Although the merits of parents using corporal punishment to discipline children have been argued for decades, a thorough understanding of whether and how corporal punishment affects children has not been reached. Toward this end, the author first presents the results of meta-analyses of the association between parental corporal punishment and 11 child behaviors and experiences. Parental corporal punishment was associated with all child constructs, including higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression and lower levels of moral internalization and mental health. The author then presents a process–context model to explain how parental corporal punishment might cause particular child outcomes and considers alternative explanations. The article concludes by identifying 7 major remaining issues for future research. Corporal punishment has been an integral part of how parents discipline their children throughout the history of the United States

This paper argues that, however useful the results of such interventions might be, the chosen measures of crime and violence underestimate certain types of violence, particularly non-economic violence, and key dimensions of violence, particularly gender and age. Complementary methodologies are therefore necessary for a more holistic understanding of the complexities of urban violence. The following section presents two conceptual tools for understanding violence manifestations and causality which provide a structure to the discussion of crime and violence measurement issues. Section III will provide a critical examination of crime and violence indicators, focusing on the ways that underreporting and misclassification contribute to a skewed picture of violence. Sections IV and V review quantitative and qualitative methodologies used in violence research, with lessons learned from research experiences in the Americas. The final section concludes with a discussion of the methodological implications for the development of "first round" crime and violence monitoring surveys and possible "second round" studies to assess the dynamics of violence characteristics, causality and intervention

On behalf of:

A model intervention for academic persistence

outcome measures in conjoint behavioral consultation. (Under the direction of Dr. William

Note: Content of 4.1 and 4.2 were approved by unanimous vote of the College Assembly on 11/9/05; the Goals areas were approved by a unanimous vote of the College Assembly on 1/18/06. 1 CONTENTS

victimization in schools is prevalent and has been linked to numerous negative outcomes such as depression, suicidality, and feeling unsafe in schools (Cochran &

the University of Cal i for nia at Santa Barbara, the University of North Carolina, and Education

Worldwide concern over violence as an issue of social justice, public health and, increasingly, of economic development, has brought this debate onto the agendas of governments, donor agencies and civil society alike. Prevalence rates of violence, as measured by indicators such as homicide, crime victimization and domestic assault,

Violence by intimate male partners against women is evident in records dating to the Roman Empire (Dobash & Dobash, 1979), yet it is only in the last two and a half decades that sustained public concern for battered women has existed and resulted in widespread development of social interventions (see Schechter, 1982; Dobash & Dobash, 1992; Pence & Shepard, 1999). Responses to battered women, their children, and perpetrators of adult domestic violence have mostly focused on protection of victims during crisis periods and criminal justice interventions to contain the behavior of perpetrators. In recent years, battered women’s shelters have expanded their services to include more comprehensive programming. Financial and job assistance, legal advocacy, transitional housing, and other support services focused on support of battered women have all been added or expanded (Sullivan & Gillum, in press). Batterer intervention programs have been widely adopted and evaluations have shown some success (see Tolman & Edleson, 1995). A variety of interventions both within shelters and in communities have been launched to address the impact of adult domestic violence exposure on children’s development (see Peled, Jaffe & Edleson, 1995; Peled & Davis,