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The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience
- Am. Psychol
, 1999
"... Though often reliable, human memory is also fallible. This article examines how and why memory can get us into trouble. It is suggested that memory's misdeeds can be classified into 7 basic "sins": transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and pers ..."
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Cited by 93 (10 self)
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Though often reliable, human memory is also fallible. This article examines how and why memory can get us into trouble. It is suggested that memory's misdeeds can be classified into 7 basic "sins": transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. The first three sins involve differ-ent types of forgetting, the next three refer to different types of distortions, and the final sin concerns intrusive recollections that are difficult to forget. Evidence is reviewed concerning each of the 7 sins from relevant sectors of psychology (cognitive, social, and clinical) and from cognitive neuroscience studies that include patients with focal brain damage or make use of recently developed neuroimaging techniques. Although the 7 sins may appear to reflect flaws in system design, it is argued
Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 1998
"... In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding task ..."
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Cited by 64 (15 self)
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In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory. Successfully completing an intended action in the future depends on a type of remembering that has been labeled prospective memory. Thus, successful prospective memory requires remembering to remember. As a cognitive con-struct, however, prospective memory is less monolithic than
Interference to ongoing activities covaries with the characteristics of an event-based intention
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2003
"... Previous studies of event-based prospective memory have demonstrated that the character of an ongoing task can affect cue detection. By contrast, this study demonstrated that there is a reciprocal relationship insofar as cue-verification and response-retrieval processes interfered with making a resp ..."
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Cited by 30 (9 self)
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Previous studies of event-based prospective memory have demonstrated that the character of an ongoing task can affect cue detection. By contrast, this study demonstrated that there is a reciprocal relationship insofar as cue-verification and response-retrieval processes interfered with making a response in the ongoing task. The amount of interference was determined by the type of intention, which was manip-ulated to affect the complexity of verification and retrospective response retrieval. These relationships were true even when the interference caused by cue detection was separated from a more general effect to ongoing-task performance caused by shifts in attentional allocation policies. The results have theoretical implications for models that attempt to specify the cognitive microstructure of event-based prospective memory. People fulfill a variety of intentions in the course of everyday life. Some examples of different types of prospective-memory tasks include remembering to make a phone call after a certain duration has elapsed (a time-based task), performing an activity right after finishing a different one (an activity-based task), deliv-ering a message to an acquaintance (an event-based task), attend-ing a seminar on changes in health benefits (a novel task), taking vitamins or medication (a habitual intention), and so forth (Bran-dimonte, Einstein, & McDaniel, 1996). The particular cuing con-ditions associated with these different intentions vary along many dimensions, such as the amount of self-initiated processing that is
The dynamics of intention retrieval and coordination of action in event-based prospective memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2002
"... Event-based prospective memory requires responding to cues in the environment that are associated with a previously established intention. Some researchers believe that intentions reside in memory with an above baseline level of activation, a phenomenon called the intention superiority effect. The a ..."
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Cited by 30 (14 self)
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Event-based prospective memory requires responding to cues in the environment that are associated with a previously established intention. Some researchers believe that intentions reside in memory with an above baseline level of activation, a phenomenon called the intention superiority effect. The authors of this study predicted that intention superiority would be masked by additional cognitive processes associated with successful event-based prospective memory. These additional processes include noticing the cue, retrieving the intention, and coordinating intention execution with the ongoing activity. In 3 experiments, intention superiority was demonstrated by faster latencies to the ongoing activity on failed prospective trials and the existence of the additional processes was demonstrated by slower latencies on successful trials. This study demonstrates the importance of investigating the microstructure of the cognitive components involved with processing and responding to an event-based prospective memory cue. In the course of everyday life people often encounter cues in their environment that cause them to recollect events that occurred in the past. For example, a sheaf of papers collected at a conference may evoke memories of a recent trip, or the sight of a
Age-related changes in event cued prospective memory proper
- In Ohta N, MacLeod C M, Uttl B, eds. Dynamic Cognitive Processes
, 2005
"... Summary. Prospective memory proper (ProMP) is required to bring back to awareness previously formed plans and intentions at the right place and time, and to enable us to act upon those plans and intentions. This chapter defines ProMP and distinguishes it from other subdomains of prospective memory ( ..."
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Summary. Prospective memory proper (ProMP) is required to bring back to awareness previously formed plans and intentions at the right place and time, and to enable us to act upon those plans and intentions. This chapter defines ProMP and distinguishes it from other subdomains of prospective memory (ProM) such as vigilance/monitoring, reviews previous research on and presents the results of a quantitative meta-analysis of age-related changes in event-cued ProM, and reports on a new study examining the re-lations between ProMP, retrospective memory (RetM), processing re-sources, and sensory abilities (visual and auditory acuity). The review of previous research indicates that both ProMP and vigilance show substan-tial declines with aging, that age-declines in ProMP are larger than in vigi-lance/monitoring, and these age declines have been underestimated in a large portion of the previous studies due to methodological shortcomings such as ceiling-limited scores (ceiling effects) and age confounds in re-search design. The new study reveals age-related declines in both visual and auditory ProMP that are partially mediated by declines in processing resources and sensory abilities. The combined results highlight the impor-tance of processing resources and sensory functions in mediating age de-clines in ProMP and delineate the similarities and differences between RetM and ProMP. Key words. Memory, prospective memory, aging, sensory functions
Fan effects in event-based prospective memory
- Memory
, 2006
"... Three experiments investigated whether event-based prospective memory was affected by the associative fan of the cues to be detected. The associative fan was operationally defined as the number of associates paired with event-based cues in a paired associate learning phase. Subsequent to the paired ..."
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Three experiments investigated whether event-based prospective memory was affected by the associative fan of the cues to be detected. The associative fan was operationally defined as the number of associates paired with event-based cues in a paired associate learning phase. Subsequent to the paired associate learning, participants were given a lexical decision task in which event-based cues were embedded. The results from Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that a larger associative fan significantly reduced event-based cue detection. The third experiment confirmed that the absolute strength of an association does not affect performance, rather the number of associations does. As an ancillary issue, the authors tested whether cue detection was affected by the familiarity of the background words used in the lexical decision task. No consistent evidence for a discrepancy plus search model of prospective memory was found. Cues in our environment remind us of past experiences, with certain cues being more or less effective at doing so. For example, noticing a statue on a shelf may evoke a memory of a birthday party at which it was received as a gift. However, the human memory system does not
Spontaneous retrieval in prospective memory
- In
, 2007
"... O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory. Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individual’s mental record of his or her past. Here we take a broader view that episodic memory also allows people to mentally place themselves for ..."
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Cited by 2 (2 self)
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O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory. Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individual’s mental record of his or her past. Here we take a broader view that episodic memory also allows people to mentally place themselves forward in time. Tulving (2004) has termed this process proscopic chronesthesia. Proscopic chronesthesia, likely unique to humans, supports for-ward-looking activities, the anticipation of what we will be doing in the near and long term, what we are likely to feel in anticipated events, what we hope to accomplish, and the planning activities that accompany this future oriented behavior. Closely aligned with such mental time-travel is prospective memory, which is the focus of the present chapter. Prospective memory is memory for activities that we intend to perform in the future. More specifically, prospective memory refers to remembering to perform an intended action at an appropriate moment in the future. With even minimal thought, it is clear that everyday living is replete with prospective memory tasks. We need to remember to give colleagues messages, to pack a desired item in our work bag, to remember to pick up some grocery item on the way home from work, and to remember to attend scheduled appointments. For one of us, the last prospective memory challenge is especially salient because recently, at the time that a faculty meeting was scheduled, MAM forgot about the meeting (his colleagues were much amused that a prospective memory researcher would forget the meeting). Prospective memory is also needed for handling health-related needs such as remembering to exercise, monitor various bodily indices like blood pressure or blood-sugar levels, and to take medication. The latter is increasingly frequent as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 44 % of Americans
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"... The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control th ..."
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The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis.
Human Memory Models for Operator Simulation
"... In this review of the human memory literature, we focus on those areas critical to human operator modeling and on the computational techniques from the memory modeling and machine learning literatures that are relevant to simulating human behavior in this area. We outline the areas of short term mem ..."
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In this review of the human memory literature, we focus on those areas critical to human operator modeling and on the computational techniques from the memory modeling and machine learning literatures that are relevant to simulating human behavior in this area. We outline the areas of short term memory, semantic memory, episodic memory, prospective memory and categorization. In addition, we review models that span these areas and memory phenomena which have yet to attract modelling efforts but which are likely to be important in operator modelling. Finally, we outline our recommendations as to which areas will need specific attention in order to build robust models of human operators. The human memory literature is one of the most extensive in cognitive psychology. There have been a number of recent reviews of this literature
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/acp.1202 The Effects of Aging on Remembering Intentions: Performance on a Simulated Shopping Task
"... Three studies are described in which age differences on a task measuring memory for delayed intentions using naturalistic stimuli were examined. A simulated street scene was constructed from a network of photographs and sounds that participants could move through using a touch screen while completin ..."
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Three studies are described in which age differences on a task measuring memory for delayed intentions using naturalistic stimuli were examined. A simulated street scene was constructed from a network of photographs and sounds that participants could move through using a touch screen while completing a series of event-based shopping errand instructions. The objective of the research was to identify the cognitive processes involved in the task that were vulnerable to the effects of ageing. Memory search but not cue detection was specifically affected in older persons when participants were given fewer trials to learn the instructions. There was no age specific effect on cue detection or memory search in either an unfamiliar street or one with increased levels of irrelevant visual and auditory noise. Cue detection but not memory search was disproportionately affected in older persons after filled interruptions, suggesting that the capacity for self-initiated reinstatement of working memory is reduced in old age. In general, using a computer-based simulation of a real-life task was found to be a practical means of examining the effects on behaviour and cognition of task parameters that are significant in assessing everyday memory abilities. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In everyday life, it is often necessary to call to mind delayed intentions. One such situation is remembering to complete a task such as ‘buying bread on the way home when you pass
