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The Design of a Human Memory Prosthesis
- The Computer Journal
, 1994
"... Key words: human memory, office systems, memory prosthesis, information retrieval, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), mobile computing, distributed computing Memory is the forgotten problem of office systems research. We believe that a new class of applications, which we call “memory prostheses”, are ..."
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Cited by 65 (10 self)
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Key words: human memory, office systems, memory prosthesis, information retrieval, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), mobile computing, distributed computing Memory is the forgotten problem of office systems research. We believe that a new class of applications, which we call “memory prostheses”, are needed when memory problems arise. We expect these systems to provide help with a range of everyday memory problems, including: finding files, papers and notes (in whatever medium they are expressed), recalling names of people and places, procedures and lists, remembering to perform tasks. A memory prosthesis will be sensitive to its environment and able to record data automatically about its user’s activities. These data can later be retrieved to help users remember things they have forgotten, especially things they did not know they would need to remember. This sensitivity to the environment will also enable the memory prosthesis to issue context-sensitive reminders of things that the user intended to do. In this paper we present guidelines for the design of memory prostheses, drawing on studies that have been carried out on the psychological basis of memory problems in the * on sabbatical leave from the University of Kent at
Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 1998
"... In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding task ..."
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Cited by 64 (15 self)
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In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory. Successfully completing an intended action in the future depends on a type of remembering that has been labeled prospective memory. Thus, successful prospective memory requires remembering to remember. As a cognitive con-struct, however, prospective memory is less monolithic than
The properties of retention intervals and their affect on retaining prospective memories
, 2000
"... Five experiments were conducted to explore how the character of the retention interval affected event-based prospective memory. According to the canons of retrospective memory, prospective per-formance should have been worse with increasing delays between intention formation and the time it was appr ..."
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Cited by 16 (5 self)
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Five experiments were conducted to explore how the character of the retention interval affected event-based prospective memory. According to the canons of retrospective memory, prospective per-formance should have been worse with increasing delays between intention formation and the time it was appropriate to complete an action. That result did not occur. Rather, prospective memory was better with increasing retention intervals in Experiments 1 A, IB, and 3. In manipulating the nature of the retention interval, the authors found that there were independent contributions of retention interval length and the number of intervening activities, with more activities leading to better prospective memory (Experi-ments 2 and 3). The identical retention intervals did not improve retrospective memory in Experiment 4. Theoretical explanations for these dissociations between prospective and retrospective memory are considered. In the classic studies performed by Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/ 1964), he demonstrated that memory declines with increasing delays between study and test. By teaching himself lists of 13 syllables to a criterion of two correct recalls, he systematically varied the retention interval from 20 min to 31 days. Ebbinghaus discovered that the forgetting curve, as it is now known, was approximated by a logarithmic function with a fast initial rate of forgetting over the near term and a slower decline in forgetting as retention intervals were increased. The forgetting curve appears to be a very general property of retrospective memory because it is true of foreign language learning (Bahrick & Phelps, 1987), typing skills (Baddeley & Longman, 1978) and even cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills (McKenna & Glendon, 1985). Although there is no agreement on why this law of forgetting is so pervasive across different materials, many memory theorists favor interfer-ence accounts of retrospective forgetting over decay theories that depict memory traces as simply crumbling into parts over time
The role of planning for intention-behavior consistency
- Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
, 1999
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Part of the Neurosciences Commons Running Head: PROSPECTIVE MEMORY AFTER BRAIN INJURY Effect of Type of Cue, Type of Response, Time Delay and Two Different Ongoing Tasks on Prospective Memory Functioning after Acquired Brain Injury
"... Address for Correspondence: ..."
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0012-1649/01/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0O12-1649.37.3.418 Prospective Memory in Children: The Effects of Age and Task Interruption
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An Investigation of Memory for Daily Computing Events
- Proceedings of HCI 2002
, 2002
"... this paper probe aspects of both subproblems ..."
Prospective Memory
"... In a naturalistic study, we aimed to uncover the relationship between thinking about and remembering intentions. Electronic badges allowed us to track the activities of subjects within their work environment. Over two weeks, subjects were asked to respond using a button on their badges (1) every two ..."
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In a naturalistic study, we aimed to uncover the relationship between thinking about and remembering intentions. Electronic badges allowed us to track the activities of subjects within their work environment. Over two weeks, subjects were asked to respond using a button on their badges (1) every two hours (Time task); (2) whenever they were in a particular room (Place task). In addition, whenever they thought about the task, they were asked to indicate this with their badges. Although subjects thought about the Time task more, they forgot to respond more often than in the Place task. In the Time task, there was a marked absence of thoughts about the task following successful remembering. When subjects remembered the Place task, thoughts increased with proximity to the target location. In both tasks, thoughts about intentions occurred more in places such as stairwells than in locations where people tended to settle. On the basis of these findings, possible mechanisms for prospective memory are discussed.
Year: 2003 Prospective memory and ageing: is task importance relevant?
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Prospective Memory in Children 1 Running head: PROSPECTIVE MEMORY IN CHILDREN Prospective Memory in Children: The Effects of Age and Task Interruption
"... Prospective memory (PM), remembering to carry out a task in the future, is highly relevant to children's everyday functioning, yet relatively little is known about it. For these reasons the effects of age and task interruption on PM were studied in 3 experiments. Children, aged 4-, 5-, and 7-ye ..."
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Prospective memory (PM), remembering to carry out a task in the future, is highly relevant to children's everyday functioning, yet relatively little is known about it. For these reasons the effects of age and task interruption on PM were studied in 3 experiments. Children, aged 4-, 5-, and 7-years, were asked to name pictures in stacks of cards (the ongoing task) and to remember to do something when they saw a target picture (the PM task). Significant age differences were identified, but age explained only a small amount of variance. As predicted, children in the no-interruption condition performed significantly better than those who had to interrupt the ongoing activity in order to carry out the PM task. An additional finding was that no relation was detected between performance on prospective and retrospective memory tasks. Taken together these findings provide support for current models of PM and identify ways to assist children's PM.
