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this paper (Compagnoni, Intersection Types and Bounded Polymorphism 3 1994; Compagnoni, 1995) has been used in a type-theoretic model of object-oriented multiple inheritance (Compagnoni & Pierce, 1996). Related calculi combining restricted forms of intersection types with higher-order polymorphism and dependent types have been studied by Pfenning (Pfenning, 1993). Following a more detailed discussion of the pure systems of intersections and bounded quantification (Section 2), we describe, in Section 3, a typed -calculus called F ("Fmeet ") integrating the features of both. Section 4 gives some examples illustrating this system's expressive power. Section 5 presents the main results of the paper: a prooftheoretic analysis of F 's subtyping and typechecking relations leading to algorithms for checking subtyping and for synthesizing minimal types for terms. Section 6 discusses semantic aspects of the calculus, obtaining a simple soundness proof for the typing rules by interpreting types as partial equivalence relations; however, another proof-theoretic result, the nonexistence of least upper bounds for arbitrary pairs of types, implies that typed models may be more difficult to construct. Section 7 offers concluding remarks. 2. Background

The calculus of higher order subtyping, known as F ω ≤ , a higher-order polymorphic λ-calculus with subtyping, is expressive enough to serve as core calculus for typed object-oriented languages. The versions considered in the literature usually support only pointwise subtyping of type operators, where two types S U and T U are in subtype relation, if S and T are. In the widely cited, unpublished note [Car90], Cardelli presents F ω ≤ in a more general form going beyond pointwise subtyping of type applications in distinguishing between monotone and antimonotone operators. Thus, for instance, T U1 is a subtype of T U2, if U1 ≤ U2 and T is a monotone operator. My thesis extends F ω ≤ by polarized application, it explores its proof theory, establishing decidability of polarized F ω ≤. The inclusion of polarized application rules leads to an interdependence of the subtyping and the kinding system. This contrasts with pure F ω ≤ , where subtyping depends on kinding but not vice versa. To retain decidability of the system, the equal-bounds subtyping rule for all-types is rephrased in the polarized setting as a mutual-subtype requirement of the upper bounds.

A polymorphic function is parametric if it has uniform behavior for all type parameters. This property is useful when writing, reasoning about, and compiling functional programs. We show how to syntactically define and reason about parametricity in a language with intersection types and bounded polymorphism. Within this framework, parametricity is subtyping, and reasoning about parametricity becomes reasoning about the well-typedness of terms. This work also demonstrates the expressiveness of languages that combine intersection types and bounded polymorphism. 1 Introduction A polymorphic function is parametric if it uses the same algorithm regardless of which type parameter is instantiated. As a consequence, it has a uniform behavior over all type parameters, in the sense that for any related inputs, the function produces related outputs. Let us look at an example. Consider the polymorphic "doubling" function double = ø : f ø!ø : x ø : f (fx) : 8ø: (ø!ø )!(ø!ø ) : By passing int and...

. This paper shows that the subtyping relation of a higherorder lambda calculus, F ! , is anti-symmetric. It exhibits the rst such proof, establishing in the process that the subtyping relation is a partial order|reexive, transitive, and anti-symmetric up to -equality. While a subtyping relation is reexive and transitive by denition, anti-symmetry is a derived property. The result, which may seem obvious to the nonexpert, is technically challenging, and had been an open problem for almost a decade. In this context, typed operational semantics for subtyping oers a powerful new technology to solve the problem: of particular importance is our extended rule for the well-formedness of types with head variables. The paper also gives a presentation of F ! without a relation for -equality, apparently the rst such, and shows its equivalence with the traditional presentation. 1 Introduction Object-oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk, C++, Modula 3, and ...