. Within the setting of the categorical approach to programming with total functions, a \many-in-one" recursion scheme is introduced that neatly unies a variety of recursion schemes looking as diverging generalizations of the basic recursion scheme of iteration. The scheme is doubly generic: in addition to behaving uniformly with respect to a functor determining an inductive type, it is also uniform in a comonad and a distributive law which together determine a particular recursion scheme for this inductive type. By way of examples, it is shown to subsume iteration, a scheme subsuming primitive recursion, and a scheme subsuming course-of-value iteration.

The work reported in this thesis arises from the old idea, going back to the origins of constructive logic, that a proof is fundamentally a kind of program. If proofs can be

Abstract We advocate the Mendler style of coding terminating recursion schemes as combinators by showing on the example of two simple and much used schemes (course-of-value iteration and simultaneous iteration) that choosing the Mendler style can sometimes lead to handier constructions than following the construction style of cata and para like combinators. 1 Introduction This paper is intended as an advert for something we call the Mendler style. This is a not too widely known style of coding terminating recursion schemes by combinators that di ers from the construction style of the famous cata and para combinators (for iteration and primitive-recursion, respectively) [Mal90,Mee92], here called the conventional style. The paper ar...

Nested (or non-uniform, or non-regular) datatypes have recursive definitions in which the type parameter changes. Their folds are restricted in power due to type constraints. Bird and Paterson introduced generalised folds for extra power, but at the cost of a loss of efficiency: folds may take more than linear time to evaluate. Hinze introduced efficient generalised folds to counter this inefficiency, but did so in a pragmatic way, at the cost of a loss of reasoning power: without categorical or equivalent underpinnings, there are no universal properties for manipulating folds. We combine the efficiency of Hinze's construction with the powerful reasoning tools of Bird and Paterson's.

This paper is a comparative study of a number of (intensional-semantically distinct) least and greatest fixed point operators that natural-deduction proof systems for intuitionistic logics can be extended with in a proof-theoretically defendable way. Eight pairs of such operators are analysed. The exposition is centered around a cube-shaped classification where each node stands for an axiomatization of one pair of operators as logical constants by intended proof and reduction rules and each arc for a proof- and reduction-preserving encoding of one pair in terms of another. The three dimensions of the cube reflect three orthogonal binary options: conventional-style vs. Mendler-style, basic (``[co]iterative'') vs. enhanced (``primitive-[co]recursive''), simple vs. course-of-value [co]induction. Some of the axiomatizations and encodings are well-known; others, however, are novel; the classification into a cube is also new. The differences between the least fixed point operators considered are illustrated on the example of the corresponding natural number types.

Within the setting of the categorical approach to programming with total functions, a "many-in-one" recursion scheme is introduced that neatly unifies a variety of recursion schemes looking as diverging generalizations of the basic recursion scheme of iteration. The scheme is doubly generic: in addition to behaving uniformly with respect to a functor determining an inductive type, it is also uniform in a comonad and a distributive law which together determine a particular recursion scheme for this inductive type. By way of examples, it is shown to subsume iteration, a scheme subsuming primitive recursion, and a scheme subsuming course-of-value iteration.