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A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context
, 2002
"... The principles of recency and contiguity are two cornerstones of the theoretical and empirical analysis of human memory. Recency has been alternatively explained by mechanisms of decay, displacement, and retroactive interference. Another account of recency is based on the idea of variable context (E ..."
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Cited by 169 (42 self)
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The principles of recency and contiguity are two cornerstones of the theoretical and empirical analysis of human memory. Recency has been alternatively explained by mechanisms of decay, displacement, and retroactive interference. Another account of recency is based on the idea of variable context (Estes, 1955; Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1989). Such notions are typically cast in terms of a randomly fluctuating population of elements reflective of subtle changes in the environment or in the subjects ’ mental state. This random context view has recently been incorporated into distributed and neural network memory models (Murdock, 1997; Murdock, Smith, & Bai, 2001). Here we propose an alternative model. Rather than being driven by random fluctuations, this formulation, the temporal context model (TCM), uses retrieval of prior contextual states to drive contextual drift. In TCM, retrieved context is an inherently asymmetric retrieval cue. This allows the model to provide a principled explanation of the widespread advantage for forward recalls in free and serial recall. Modeling data from single-trial free recall, we demonstrate that TCM can simultaneously explain recency and
The jackknife—a review.
- Biometrika
, 1974
"... The Light Beyond, By Raymond A. Moody, Jr. with Paul Perry. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1988, 161 pp., $18.95 In his foreword to this book, Andrew Greeley, a prominent priest and sociologist, introduces his comments with the following statement: "Raymond Moody has achieved a rare feat in th ..."
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Cited by 104 (0 self)
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The Light Beyond, By Raymond A. Moody, Jr. with Paul Perry. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1988, 161 pp., $18.95 In his foreword to this book, Andrew Greeley, a prominent priest and sociologist, introduces his comments with the following statement: "Raymond Moody has achieved a rare feat in the quest for human knowledge; he has created a paradigm." He then refers to Thomas Kuhn, who pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions that scientific revolutions occur when someone creates a new perspective, a new model, a new approach to reality. Although Greeley acknowledges that Moody did not discover the near-death experience (NDE), he contends that because Moody put a name to it in his previous bestseller Life After Life (1975), he therefore deserves credit for the new para digm that has evolved. Greeley then refers to The Light Beyond as characterized by Moody's "openness, sensitivity and modesty." This he attributes to Moody's acknowledgement that the NDE does not repre sent proof of life after death; rather, it indicates only the existence and widespread prevalence of the NDE. I must question why Greeley does not comment more on the content of the book, and why Moody felt it was appropriate to be credited with creating a new paradigm. During the last fourteen years since Life
The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working memory capacities. This working memory limita ..."
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Cited by 98 (10 self)
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Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working memory capacities. This working memory limitation can be conceived of as arising from 2 components: a dynamic attention component (primary memory) and a probabilistic cue-dependent search component (secondary memory). This framework is used to examine previous individual differences studies of working memory capacity, and new evidence is examined on the basis of predictions of the framework to performance on immediate free recall. It is suggested that individual differences in working memory capacity are partially due to the ability to maintain information accessible in primary memory and the ability to search for information from secondary memory.
A temporal ratio model of memory
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory— traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity—similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; ..."
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Cited by 74 (4 self)
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A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory— traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity—similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; (c) local distinctiveness—performance on a range of memory tasks is determined by interference from near psychological neighbors; and (d) interference-based forgetting—all memory loss is due to interference and not trace decay. The model is applied to data on free recall and serial recall. The account emphasizes qualitative similarity in the retrieval principles involved in memory performance at all timescales, contrary to models that emphasize distinctions between short-term and long-term memory.
The demise of short-term memory revisited: Empirical and computational investigations of recency effects.
- Psychological Review,
, 2005
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Recognizing spatial patterns: A noisy exemplar approach
- Vision Research
, 2002
"... this article may be addressed to either Michael Kahana or Robert Sekuler, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, MS 013, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110. E-mail may be sent to kahana @brandeis.edu or sekuler@brandeis.edu plex multidimensional stimulus spaces (Nosofsky, 1992; Maddox ..."
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Cited by 63 (30 self)
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this article may be addressed to either Michael Kahana or Robert Sekuler, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, MS 013, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254-9110. E-mail may be sent to kahana @brandeis.edu or sekuler@brandeis.edu plex multidimensional stimulus spaces (Nosofsky, 1992; Maddox & Ashby, 1996; Ashby & Perrin, 1988), with decision rules that can predict performance in a variety of classification paradigms (Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1998; Nosofsky & Alfonso-Reese, 1999; Maddox & Ashby, 1996). Although models of classification and models of visual discrimination share many assumptions about stimulus representation and subjects' decision rules, models of classification have been primarily developed to explain subjects' classification of combinations of simple geometric forms, whereas models of discrimination have been developed to explain subjects ' discrimination of elemental visual stimuli, including sinusoidal luminance gratings. Because such stimuli can be combined to synthesize more complex images such as textures and natural scenes, they represent a natural test-bed for assessing theories' power and generalizability
When Does Semantic Similarity Help Episodic Retrieval?
- Journal of Memory and Language
, 2002
"... this paper's analyses and Tom Landauer and Douglas Nelson for reading an early draft of the manuscript ..."
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Cited by 48 (17 self)
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this paper's analyses and Tom Landauer and Douglas Nelson for reading an early draft of the manuscript
A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in free recall
, 2008
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A contextbased theory of recency and contiguity in free recall
- Psychological Review
, 2008
"... The authors present a new model of free recall on the basis of M. W. Howard and M. J. Kahana’s (2002a) temporal context model and M. Usher and J. L. McClelland’s (2001) leaky-accumulator decision model. In this model, contextual drift gives rise to both short-term and long-term recency effects, and ..."
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Cited by 43 (19 self)
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The authors present a new model of free recall on the basis of M. W. Howard and M. J. Kahana’s (2002a) temporal context model and M. Usher and J. L. McClelland’s (2001) leaky-accumulator decision model. In this model, contextual drift gives rise to both short-term and long-term recency effects, and contextual retrieval gives rise to short-term and long-term contiguity effects. Recall decisions are controlled by a race between competitive leaky accumulators. The model captures the dynamics of immediate, delayed, and continual distractor free recall, demonstrating that dissociations between short- and long-term recency can naturally arise from a model in which an internal contextual state is used as the sole cue for retrieval across time scales.
The Temporal Context Model in spatial navigation and relational learning: Toward a common explanation of medial temporal lobe function across domains
, 2005
"... The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been studied extensively at all levels of analysis, yet its function remains unclear. Theory regarding the cognitive function of the MTL has centered along 3 themes. Different authors have emphasized the role of the MTL in episodic recall, spatial navigation, or r ..."
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Cited by 38 (12 self)
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The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been studied extensively at all levels of analysis, yet its function remains unclear. Theory regarding the cognitive function of the MTL has centered along 3 themes. Different authors have emphasized the role of the MTL in episodic recall, spatial navigation, or relational memory. Starting with the temporal context model (M.W. Howard and M. J. Kahana, 2002), a distributed memory model that has been applied to benchmark data from episodic recall tasks, the authors propose that the entorhinal cortex supports a gradually changing representation of temporal context and the hippocampus proper enables retrieval of these contextual states. Simulation studies show this hypothesis explains the firing of place cells in the entorhinal cortex and the behavioral effects of hippocampal lesion in relational memory tasks. These results constitute a first step towards a unified computational theory of MTL function that integrates neurophysiological, neuropsychological and cognitive findings.
