A real-time list processing system is one in which the time required by the elementary list operations (e.g. CONS, CAR, COR, RPLACA, RPLACD, EQ, and ATOM in LISP) is bounded by a (small) constant. Classical implementations of list processing systems lack this property because allocating a list cell from the heap may cause a garbage collection, which process requires time proportional to the heap size to finish. A real-time list processing system is presented which continuously reclaims garbage, including directed cycles, while linearizing and compacting the accessible cells into contiguous locations to avoid fragmenting the free storage pool. The program is small and requires no time-sharing interrupts, making it suitable for microcode. Finally, the system requires the same average time, and not more than twice the space, of a classical implementation, and those space requirements can be reduced to approximately classical proportions by compact list representation. Arrays of different sizes, a program stack, and hash linking are simple extensions to our system, and reference counting is found to be inferior for many applications. Key Words and Phrases: real-time, compacting, garbage collection, list processing, virtual memory, file or database management, storage management, storage

Distributed systems present a new challenge to garbage collection design. Garbage collection schemes for linked, heterogeneous data-structures distributed over a network are reviewed for the first time. As distributed garbage collectors evolved from single address space collectors, these are classified first. The classification is extended to distributed collectors taking into account the additional issues of distribution: locality; latency and synchronisation. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.4 [Computer-Communications Networks]: Distributed Systems; D.1.3 [Programming Techniques]: Concurrent Programming, Distributed programming, parallel programming; D.4.2 [Operating Systems]: Storage management; D.4.3: File systems management. Additional key words and phrases: memory management, automatic storage reclamation, garbage collection, reference counting, distributed systems, distributed memories, distributed file systems, network communication. Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Taxonom...