This paper presents three paradigms for circuit design, and investigates the relationships between them. These paradigms are syntactic (based on Freyd and Scedrov's unitary pre-tabular allegories (upas)), pictorial (based on the net list model of circuit connectivity), and relational (based on Sheeran's relational model of circuit design Ruby). We show that net lists over a given signature \Sigma constitute the free upa on \Sigma. Our proof demonstrates that nets and upas are equally expressive, and that nets provide a normal form for both upas and pictures. We use Freyd and Scedrov's representation theorem for upas to show that our relational interpretations constitute a sound and complete class of models for the upa axioms. Thus we can reason about circuits using either the upa axioms, pictures or relations. By considering garbage collection, we show that there is no faithful representation of nets in Rel: we conjecture that a semantics for nets which takes garbage collection into ac...

Given a 2-category K admitting a calculus of bimodules, and a 2-monad T on it compatible with such calculus, we construct a 2-category L with a 2-monad S on it such that: • S has the adjoint-pseudo-algebra property. • The 2-categories of pseudo-algebras of S and T are equivalent. Thus, coherent structures (pseudo-T-algebras) are transformed into universally characterised ones (adjoint-pseudo-S-algebras). The 2-category L consists of lax algebras for the pseudo-monad induced by T on the bicategory of bimodules of K. We give an intrinsic characterisation of pseudo-S-algebras in terms of representability. Two major consequences of the above transformation are the classifications of lax and strong morphisms, with the attendant coherence result for pseudo-algebras. We apply the theory in the context of internal categories and examine monoidal and monoidal globular categories (including their monoid classifiers) as well as pseudo-functors into Cat.

Six equivalent definitions of Frobenius algebra in a monoidal category are provided. In a monoidal bicategory, a pseudoalgebra is Frobenius if and only i f it is star autonomous. Autonomous pseudoalgebras are also Frobenius. What i t means for a morphism of a bicategory to be a projective equivalence is defined; this concept is related to "strongly separable " Frobenius algebras and "weak monoidal Morita equivalence". Wreath products of Frobenius algebras are discussed.

There has recently been considerable interest in the development of `logical frameworks ' which can represent many of the logics arising in computer science in a uniform way. Within the Edinburgh LF project, this concept is split into two components; the first being a general proof theoretic encoding of logics, and the second a uniform treatment of their model theory. This thesis forms a case study for the work on model theory. The models of many first and higher order logics can be represented as fibred or indexed categories with certain extra structure, and this has been suggested as a general paradigm. The aim of the thesis is to test the strength and flexibility of this paradigm by studying the specific case of Girard's linear logic. It should be noted that the exact form of this logic in the first order case is not entirely certain, and the system treated here is significantly different to that considered by Girard.

A program derivation is said to be polytypic if some of its parameters are data types. Often these data types are container types, whose elements store data. Polytypic program derivations necessitate a general, non-inductive definition of `container (data) type'. Here we propose such a definition: a container type is a relator that has membership. It is shown how this definition implies various other properties that are shared by all container types. In particular, all container types have a unique strength, and all natural transformations between container types are strong. Capsule Review Progress in a scientific dicipline is readily equated with an increase in the volume of knowledge, but the true milestones are formed by the introduction of solid, precise and usable definitions. Here you will find the first generic (`polytypic') definition of the notion of `container type', a definition that is remarkably simple and suitable for formal generic proofs (as is amply illustrated in t...

A category may bear many monoidal structures, but (to within a unique isomorphism) only one structure of "category with finite products". To capture such distinctions, we consider on a 2-category those 2-monads for which algebra structure is essentially unique if it exists, giving a precise mathematical definition of "essentially unique" and investigating its consequences. We call such 2-monads property-like. We further consider the more restricted class of fully property-like 2-monads, consisting of those property-like 2-monads for which all 2-cells between (even lax) algebra morphisms are algebra 2-cells. The consideration of lax morphisms leads us to a new characterization of those monads, studied by Kock and Zoberlein, for which "structure is adjoint to unit", and which we now call lax-idempotent 2-monads: both these and their colax-idempotent duals are fully property-like. We end by showing that (at least for finitary 2-monads) the classes of property-likes, fully property-like...

. We provide a systematic reconstruction of Abramsky's category SProc of synchronous processes [Abr93]: SProc is isomorphic to a span category on a category of traces. The significance of the work is twofold: It shows that the original presentation of SProc in mixed formulations is unnecessary --- a simple categorical description exists. Furthermore, the techniques employed in the reconstruction suggest a general method of obtaining process categories with structure similar to SProc. In particular, the method of obtaining bisimulation equivalence in our setting, which represents an extension of the work of Joyal, Nielsen and Winskel [JNW93], has natural application in many settings. 1 Introduction In [Abr93], Abramsky proposed a new paradigm for the semantics of computation, interaction categories, where the following substitutions are made: Denotational semantics Categories Interaction categories Domains objects Interface specifications Continuous functions maps Commun...

This paper investigates some basic algebraic properties of the categories of spans and cospans (up to isomorphic supports) over the category Set of (small) sets and functions, analyzing the monoidal structures induced over both spans and cospans by the cartesian product and disjoint union of sets. Our results nd analogous counterparts in (and are partly inspired by) the theory of relational algebras, thus our paper also shed some light on the relationship between (co)spans and the categories of (multi)relations and of equivalence relations. And, since (co)spans yields an intuitive presentation in terms of dynamical system with input and output interfaces, our results introduce an expressive, two-fold algebra that can serve as a specication formalism for rewriting systems and for composing software modules and open programs. Key words: Spans, multi-relations, monoidal categories, system specications. Introduction The use of spans [1,6] (and of the dual notion of cospans) have been...

We show that an orthogonal basis for a finite-dimensional Hilbert space can be equivalently characterised as a commutative †-Frobenius monoid in the category FdHilb, which has finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces as objects and continuous linear maps as morphisms, and tensor product for the monoidal structure. The basis is normalised exactly when the corresponding commutative †-Frobenius monoid is special. Hence orthogonal and orthonormal bases can be axiomatised in terms of composition of operations and tensor product only, without any explicit reference to the underlying vector spaces. This axiomatisation moreover admits an operational interpretation, as the comultiplication copies the basis vectors and the counit uniformly deletes them. That is, we rely on the distinct ability to clone and delete classical data as compared to quantum data to capture basis vectors. For this reason our result has important implications for categorical quantum mechanics. 1

Dataflow networks are a paradigm for concurrent computation in which a collection of concurrently and asynchronously executing processes communicate by sending messages over FIFO message channels. In a previous paper, we showed that dataflow networks could be represented as certain spans in a category of automata, or more abstractly, in a category of domains, and we identified some universal properties of various operations for building networks from components. Not all spans corresponded to dataflow processes, and we raised the question of what might be an appropriate categorical characterization of those spans that are "dataflowlike. " In this paper, we answer this question by obtaining a characterization of the dataflow-like spans as split right fibrations, either in a 2-category of automata or a 2-category of domains. This characterization makes use of the theory of fibrations in a 2-category developed by Street. In that theory, the split right fibrations are the algebras of a cert...