Abstract—Suppose is an unknown vector in (a digital image or signal); we plan to measure general linear functionals of and then reconstruct. If is known to be compressible by transform coding with a known transform, and we reconstruct via the nonlinear procedure defined here, the number of measurements can be dramatically smaller than the size. Thus, certain natural classes of images with pixels need only = ( 1 4 log 5 2 ()) nonadaptive nonpixel samples for faithful recovery, as opposed to the usual pixel samples. More specifically, suppose has a sparse representation in some orthonormal basis (e.g., wavelet, Fourier) or tight frame (e.g., curvelet, Gabor)—so the coefficients belong to an ball for 0 1. The most important coefficients in that expansion allow reconstruction with 2 error ( 1 2 1

This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal and a randomly chosen set of frequencies. Is it possible to reconstruct from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set? A typical result of this paper is as follows. Suppose that is a superposition of spikes @ Aa @ A @ A obeying @�� � A I for some constant H. We do not know the locations of the spikes nor their amplitudes. Then with probability at least I @ A, can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the I minimization problem I aH @ A s.t. ” @ Aa ” @ A for all

The output of a classifier should be a calibrated posterior probability to enable post-processing. Standard SVMs do not provide such probabilities. One method to create probabilities is to directly train a kernel classifier with a logit link function and a regularized maximum likelihood score. However, training with a maximum likelihood score will produce non-sparse kernel machines. Instead, we train an SVM, then train the parameters of an additional sigmoid function to map the SVM outputs into probabilities. This chapter compares classification error rate and likelihood scores for an SVM plus sigmoid versus a kernel method trained with a regularized likelihood error function. These methods are tested on three data-mining-style data sets. The SVM+sigmoid yields probabilities of comparable quality to the regularized maximum likelihood kernel method, while still retaining the sparseness of the SVM.

This paper considers the classical error correcting problem which is frequently discussed in coding theory. We wish to recover an input vector f ∈ Rn from corrupted measurements y = Af + e. Here, A is an m by n (coding) matrix and e is an arbitrary and unknown vector of errors. Is it possible to recover f exactly from the data y? We prove that under suitable conditions on the coding matrix A, the input f is the unique solution to the ℓ1-minimization problem (‖x‖ℓ1:= i |xi|) min g∈R n ‖y − Ag‖ℓ1 provided that the support of the vector of errors is not too large, ‖e‖ℓ0: = |{i: ei ̸= 0} | ≤ ρ · m for some ρ> 0. In short, f can be recovered exactly by solving a simple convex optimization problem (which one can recast as a linear program). In addition, numerical experiments suggest that this recovery procedure works unreasonably well; f is recovered exactly even in situations where a significant fraction of the output is corrupted. This work is related to the problem of finding sparse solutions to vastly underdetermined systems of linear equations. There are also significant connections with the problem of recovering signals from highly incomplete measurements. In fact, the results introduced in this paper improve on our earlier work [5]. Finally, underlying the success of ℓ1 is a crucial property we call the uniform uncertainty principle that we shall describe in detail.

Abstract. This article presents new results on using a greedy algorithm, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), to solve the sparse approximation problem over redundant dictionaries. It contains a single sufficient condition under which both OMP and Donoho’s Basis Pursuit paradigm (BP) can recover an exactly sparse signal. It leverages this theory to show that both OMP and BP can recover all exactly sparse signals from a wide class of dictionaries. These quasi-incoherent dictionaries offer a natural generalization of incoherent dictionaries, and the Babel function is introduced to quantify the level of incoherence. Indeed, this analysis unifies all the recent results on BP and extends them to OMP. Furthermore, the paper develops a sufficient condition under which OMP can retrieve the common atoms from all optimal representations of a nonsparse signal. From there, it argues that Orthogonal Matching Pursuit is an approximation algorithm for the sparse problem over a quasiincoherent dictionary. That is, for every input signal, OMP can calculate a sparse approximant whose error is only a small factor worse than the optimal error which can be attained with the same number of terms. 1.

In this tutorial we give an overview of the basic ideas underlying Support Vector (SV) machines for function estimation. Furthermore, we include a summary of currently used algorithms for training SV machines, covering both the quadratic (or convex) programming part and advanced methods for dealing with large datasets. Finally, we mention some modifications and extensions that have been applied to the standard SV algorithm, and discuss the aspect of regularization from a SV perspective.

Given a ‘dictionary ’ D = {dk} of vectors dk, we seek to represent a signal S as a linear combination S = ∑ k γ(k)dk, with scalar coefficients γ(k). In particular, we aim for the sparsest representation possible. In general, this requires a combinatorial optimization process. Previous work considered the special case where D is an overcomplete system consisting of exactly two orthobases, and has shown that, under a condition of mutual incoherence of the two bases, and assuming that S has a sufficiently sparse representation, this representation is unique and can be found by solving a convex optimization problem: specifically, minimizing the ℓ1 norm of the coefficients γ. In this paper, we obtain parallel results in a more general setting, where the dictionary D can arise from two or several bases, frames, or even less structured systems. We introduce the Spark, ameasure of linear dependence in such a system; it is the size of the smallest linearly dependent subset (dk). We show that, when the signal S has a representation using less than Spark(D)/2 nonzeros, this representation is necessarily unique.