This study proposes and evaluates a document analysis strategy for information retrieval with visualization interfaces. The goal of document analysis is to highlight structure that helps searchers make their own relevance judgments, rather than to shift judgments from humans onto machines. Searchers can investigate that structure with tools for visualizing multidimensional data. The structure of interest in this study is discrimination of documents into clusters. Two diagnostic measures may inform selection of document attributes for cluster discrimination: term discrimination value and the sum of pairwise term-vector correlations. A series of experiments tests the reliability of these measures for predicting clustering tendency, as measured by proportion of elongated triples and skewness of the distribution of document dissimilarities.

Abstract. Although simulation is typically considered as relevant and highly applicable, in reality the use of simulation is limited. Many organizations have tried to use simulation to analyze their business processes at some stage. However, few are using simulation in a structured and effective manner. This may be caused by a lack of training and limitations of existing tools, but in this paper we will argue that there are also several additional and more fundamental problems. First of all, the focus is mainly on design while managers would also like to use simulation for operational decision making (solving the concrete problem at hand rather than some abstract future problem). Second, there is limited support for using existing artifacts such as historical data and workflow schemas. Third, the behavior of resources is modeled in a rather naive manner. This paper focuses on the latter problem. It proposes a new way of characterizing resource availability. The ideas are described and analyzed using CPN Tools. Experiments show that it is indeed possible to capture human behavior in business processes in a much better way. By incorporating better resource characterizations in contemporary tools, business process simulation can finally deliver on its outstanding promise. 1

Predictive information warns the crew when a parameter approaches an alert range. This warning could increase the safety of flight because the added time before an alert range is reached may improve the crew's situation awareness. This warning may also decrease potential problems due to hardware failures by notifying the crew of a problem before hardware failure is reached. This experiment assessed certain issues about the usefulness of predictive information. The specific issues addressed were (1) the relative time criticality of failures, (2) the subjective utility of predictive information for different parameters or sensors, and (3) the preferred form and prediction time for displaying predictive information. To address these three issues, three separate tasks were administered to 22 airline pilots. These tasks were (1) a checklist paired-comparison task, (2) a parameter-ordering task, and (3) a survey. As shown by the data, these pilots preferred predictive information on paramete...

Research has shown a strong pilot preference for predictive information of aircraft system status in the flight deck. However, the mental workload associated with using this predictive information has not been ascertained. The study described here attempted to measure mental workload. In this simulator experiment, three types of predictive information (none, whether a parameter was changing abnormally, and the time for a parameter to reach an alert range) and four initial times to a parameter alert range (1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, and ETA+45 minutes) were tested to determine their effects on subjects' mental workload. Subjective workload ratings increased with increasing predictive information (whether a parameter was changing abnormally or the time for a parameter to reach an alert range). Subjective situation awareness decreased with more predictive information but it became greater with increasing initial times to a parameter alert range. Also, subjective focus changed depen...

INTRODUCTION The use of autonomous systems for remote sensing and inspection has long been an important design effort of system engineering. Autonomous sensing can preclude the need for humans to physically patrol large areas, such as factories or warehouses, and can protect them from hazardous environments. In addition, such systems do not fatigue, or vary significantly in detection performance over time, as humans often do. Autonomous systems, however, are not foolproof. Sensors can fail to detect important events, or can report false alarms as a function of physical fault or imperfect analysis algorithms. Human monitoring is therefore included in most system designs to ensure proper operation and improved signal classification (e.g., Everett et al., 1992). Furthermore, to realize the best economic potential of such systems, a single operator is often responsible for supervising several remote platforms simultaneously. This leveraging of human presence presumes that

Advances in automation capability and reliability have changed the role of humans from operating and controlling processes to simply monitoring them for anomalies. However, humans are traditionally bad monitors of highly reliable systems over time 1. Thus, the human is assigned a task for which he is ill equipped. We believe that this has led to the dominance of human error in process control activities such as operating transportation systems

Research has shown a strong pilot preference for predictive information of aircraft system status in the flight deck. However, changes in pilot behavior associated with using this predictive information have not been ascertained. The study described here quantified these changes using three types of predictive information (none, whether a parameter was changing abnormally, and the time for a parameter to reach an alert range) and three initial time intervals until a parameter alert range was reached (ITIs) (1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes). With predictive information, subjects accomplished most of their tasks before an alert occurred. Subjects organized the time they did their tasks by locus-of-control with no predictive information and for the 1-minute ITI, and by aviatenavigate -communicate for the time for a parameter to reach an alert range and the 15-minute conditions. Overall, predictive information and the longer ITIs moved subjects to performing tasks before the alert actu...

Simulator : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 87 Appendix E. Examples of Human Performance Process Hierarchical Decomposition 92 Appendix F. Scalable Coherent Interfaces 96 Contents (continued) Chapter Page Appendix G. Synopses of Selected High Performance Parallel Machines 98 Appendix H. Glossary of Acronyms 102 References 105 List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 A Holarchy : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 17 2.1 Possible Paths for Human Performance Process Model Creation : : : : : : : 21 6.1 Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation Results for Embarassingly Parallel Benchmarks : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 40 6.2 CM2: Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation Benchmark Results : : : : : : : 41 6.3 Human Performance Process and Architectures : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 42 8.1 Heterogeneous Computing Environment : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 50 9.1 High Performance Systems Metrics : : :...

Will the advent of a new generation of multimedia human--computer interfaces prove a boon to users with disabilities? Or will the coming revolution add millions of hearing impaired people to the ranks of the computer disenfranchised? The UnWindows project is an ongoing effort whose ultimate goal is the development of concepts and software that will make tomorrow 's multimedia interfaces accessible to people who suffer from a broad range of vision and hearing impairments. If successful, an important side effect would be the correction of certain problems which confront visually impaired users, especially those who are blind, when they are faced with today's ubiquitous silent, full screen, graphical interfaces. In this paper, we first discuss design considerations relating to the visual and aural modalities, both in general and for people with disabilities. We then review the recently introduced metawidget technology, which we've adopted for the second stage of UnWindows, now underway....

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