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125
Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers
- Journal of Social Issues
, 2000
"... Following Langer (1992), this article reviews a series of experimental studies that demonstrate that individuals mindlessly apply social rules and expectations to computers. The first set of studies illustrates how individuals overuse human social categories, applying gender stereotypes to computers ..."
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Cited by 218 (7 self)
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Following Langer (1992), this article reviews a series of experimental studies that demonstrate that individuals mindlessly apply social rules and expectations to computers. The first set of studies illustrates how individuals overuse human social categories, applying gender stereotypes to computers and ethnically identifying with computer agents. The second set demonstrates that people exhibit overlearned social behaviors such as politeness and reciprocity toward computers. In the third set of studies, premature cognitive commitments are demonstrated: A specialist television set is perceived as providing better content than a generalist television set. A final series of studies demonstrates the depth of social responses with respect to computer “personality. ” Alternative explanations for these findings, such as anthropomorphism and intentional social responses, cannot explain the results. We conclude with an agenda for future research. Computer users approach the personal computer in many different ways. Experienced word processors move smoothly from keyboard to mouse to menu, mixing prose and commands to the computer automatically; the distinction between the hand and the tool blurs (Heidegger, 1977; Winograd & Flores, 1987). Novices cautiously strike each key, fearing that one false move will initiate an uncontrollable series of unwanted events. Game players view computers as *Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Clifford Nass, Department of
Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1993
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 147 (2 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Simulating Activities: Relating Motives, Deliberation, and Attentive Coordination
- Cognitive Systems Research
, 2002
"... Activities are located behaviors, taking time, conceived as socially meaningful, and usually involving interaction with tools and the environment. In modeling human cognition as a form of problem solving (goal-directed search and operator sequencing), cognitive science researchers have not adequatel ..."
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Cited by 63 (27 self)
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Activities are located behaviors, taking time, conceived as socially meaningful, and usually involving interaction with tools and the environment. In modeling human cognition as a form of problem solving (goal-directed search and operator sequencing), cognitive science researchers have not adequately studied "off-task" activities (e.g., waiting), non-intellectual motives (e.g., hunger), sustaining a goal state (e.g., playful interaction), and coupled perceptual-motor dynamics (e.g., following someone). These aspects of human behavior have been considered in bits and pieces in past research, identified as scripts, human factors, behavior settings, ensemble, flow experience, and situated action. More broadly, activity theory provides a comprehensive framework relating motives, goals, and operations. This paper ties these ideas together, using examples from work life in a Canadian High Arctic research station. The emphasis is on simulating human behavior as it naturally occurs, such that "working" is understood as an aspect of living. The result is a synthesis of previously unrelated analytic perspectives and a broader appreciation of the nature of human cognition. Simulating activities in this comprehensive way is useful for understanding work practice, promoting learning, and designing better tools, including human-robot systems.
The Hedonistic Paradox: Is homo economicus happier?
, 2008
"... The “Hedonistic Paradox” states that homo economicus, or someone who seeks happiness for him- or herself, will not find it, but the person who helps others will. This study examines two questions in connection with happiness and generosity. First, do more generous people, as identified in dictator e ..."
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Cited by 55 (0 self)
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The “Hedonistic Paradox” states that homo economicus, or someone who seeks happiness for him- or herself, will not find it, but the person who helps others will. This study examines two questions in connection with happiness and generosity. First, do more generous people, as identified in dictator experiments, report on average greater happiness, or subjective well-being (SWB), as measured by responses to various questionnaires? Second, if the answer is affirmative, what is the causal relationship between generosity and happiness? We find a favorable correlation between generosity and happiness (i.e., SWB is directly related to several measures of happiness and inversely related to unhappiness) and examine various possible explanations, including that material well-being causes both happiness and generosity. The evidence from this experiment, however, indicates that a tertiary personality variable, sometimes called psychological well-being, is the primary cause of both happiness and greater generosity. In contrast to field studies, the experimental method of this inquiry permits anonymity measures designed to minimize subject misrepresentation of intrinsic generosity (e.g., due to social approval motives) and of actual happiness (e.g., because of social desirability biases) and produces a rich data set with multiple measures of subjective, psychological and material well-being. The results of this and other studies raise the question of whether greater attention should be paid to the potential benefits (beyond solely the material
Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity
- Journal of Applied Psychology
, 2008
"... Researchers have obtained conflicting results about the role of prosocial motivation in persistence, performance, and productivity. To resolve this discrepancy, I draw on self-determination theory, proposing that prosocial motivation is most likely to predict these outcomes when it is accompanied by ..."
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Cited by 47 (9 self)
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Researchers have obtained conflicting results about the role of prosocial motivation in persistence, performance, and productivity. To resolve this discrepancy, I draw on self-determination theory, proposing that prosocial motivation is most likely to predict these outcomes when it is accompanied by intrinsic motivation. Two field studies support the hypothesis that intrinsic motivation moderates the association between prosocial motivation and persistence, performance, and productivity. In Study 1, intrinsic motivation strengthened the relationship between prosocial motivation and the overtime hour persistence of 58 firefighters. In Study 2, intrinsic motivation strengthened the relationship between prosocial motivation and the performance and productivity of 140 fundraising callers. Callers who reported high levels of both prosocial and intrinsic motivations raised more money 1 month later, and this moderated association was mediated by a larger number of calls made. I discuss implications for theory and research on work motivation.
Creating contexts for involvement in mathematics
- Journal of Educational Psychology
, 1998
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 36 (3 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Trust and Deception in Mediated Communication
- In: Proc. of the 36th Annual Hawaii Int. Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'03) - Track1, p.44.1
, 2003
"... Guided by interpersonal deception theory and the principle of interactivity, this investigation examined whether communication modalities differentially affect the extent to which group members develop trust or are vulnerable to manipulation and deceit, based on the degree of interactivity the modal ..."
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Cited by 27 (3 self)
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Guided by interpersonal deception theory and the principle of interactivity, this investigation examined whether communication modalities differentially affect the extent to which group members develop trust or are vulnerable to manipulation and deceit, based on the degree of interactivity the modalities afford. According to the principle of interactivity, involvement and mutuality should increase as one moves from text, to audio and audiovisual (AV) modalities, to face-to-face (FtF) communication. Under nondeceptive circumstances, greater interactivity should elicit corresponding increases in trust and credibility; under deceptive circumstances, it should produce greater truth biases and inaccurate detection of deceit. This effect should be partly mitigated in text and audio modalities due to the presence of diagnostic deception indicators Pairs were assigned to a truthful or deceptive condition in one of three mediated conditions, or in a face-to-face condition. In the deceptive condition, one member of each pair was enlisted to deceive during the interaction. Following discussion, participants rated their communicative behavior and the credibility of the truthful or deceptive actor. Truth bias and accuracy in judging deceptive information was calculated. Results are compared to previous findings from face-to-face deception. Implications for collaborative technologies are advanced.
Too much of a good thing: The challenge and opportunity of the inverted-U
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2011
"... Aristotle proposed that to achieve happiness and success, people should cultivate virtues at mean or intermediate levels between deficiencies and excesses. In stark contrast to this assertion that virtues have costs at high levels, a wealth of psychological research has focused on demonstrating the ..."
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Cited by 19 (0 self)
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Aristotle proposed that to achieve happiness and success, people should cultivate virtues at mean or intermediate levels between deficiencies and excesses. In stark contrast to this assertion that virtues have costs at high levels, a wealth of psychological research has focused on demonstrating the well-being and performance benefits of positive traits, states, and experiences. This focus has obscured the prevalence and importance of nonmonotonic inverted-U-shaped effects, whereby positive phenomena reach inflection points at which their effects turn negative. We trace the evidence for nonmonotonic effects in psychology and provide recommendations for conceptual and empirical progress. We conclude that for psychology in general and positive psy-chology in particular, Aristotle’s idea of the mean may serve as a useful guide for developing both a descriptive and a prescriptive account of happiness and success.
Flow experiences of children in an interactive social game environment
- British Journal of Educational Technology
, 2007
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Streaks in skilled performance
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
, 1995
"... There is a common perception shared by athletes, sports fans, and perhaps anybody who has ever attempted a skilled activity that there are moments when a person is “hot, ” or “in the zone, ” or alternatively is “cold, ” or in a slump. M. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990; M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. ..."
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Cited by 16 (1 self)
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There is a common perception shared by athletes, sports fans, and perhaps anybody who has ever attempted a skilled activity that there are moments when a person is “hot, ” or “in the zone, ” or alternatively is “cold, ” or in a slump. M. Csikszentmihalyi (1975, 1990; M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi, 1988) has written extensively about the notion of flow as a dimension of experience where the intimate coupling of actor and activity results in a specific psychological state anecdotally referred to as being “hot. ” Other investigators have been leery of flow as a description of performance and have questioned its empirical support. An issue germane to studies of subjective probability is whether the alleged signature of the flow state, streaky performance, arises from some factual aspect of skilled activity or from mistaking chance fluctuations as evidence of a heightened state of ability. Judgments of one’s own and other’s performance would not be controversial if it were not for the well-documented observation (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971, 1974) that people have systematic biases concerning what a random process looks like, and therefore are not competent to discriminate chance occurrence from truly remarkable performance. Understandings of random processes incorporate a bias known as the “law of small numbers ” (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971); people expect statistical regularities that hold only in the long run to also obtain locally in the short run. The gambler’s fallacy (e.g., the belief that tails are “due ” after a long run of heads) illustrates this type of thinking. When asked to mimic the flip of a fair coin, people invariably generate sequences that have too few long runs of heads and tails, they balance the frequencies of heads and tail in short runs, and they produce an excessive number of runs compared with the output from a We wish to extend special thanks to Kerstin MacDonald for assistance in running the experiments and preparing the data for analysis.
