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508
The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis
- COGNIT PSYCHOL
, 2000
"... This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions—mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")—and their roles in complex ..."
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Cited by 696 (9 self)
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This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions—mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")—and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions
The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective
, 2002
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The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity
- Psychological Review
, 2004
"... According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory to provide a new account of the error-related negativity (ERN), a scalp potential observed following errors. Conne ..."
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Cited by 188 (11 self)
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According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory to provide a new account of the error-related negativity (ERN), a scalp potential observed following errors. Connectionist simulations of response conflict in an attentional task demonstrated that the ERN—its timing and sensitivity to task parameters—can be explained in terms of the conflict theory. A new experiment confirmed predictions of this theory regarding the ERN and a second scalp potential, the N2, that is proposed to reflect conflict monitoring on correct response trials. Further analysis of the simulation data indicated that errors can be detected reliably on the basis of post-error conflict. It is concluded that the ERN can be explained in terms of response conflict and that monitoring for conflict may provide a simple mechanism for detecting errors. Errors are an important source of information in the regulation of cognitive processes. The mechanism by which people detect and correct their errors has been the object of study for many years, but research interest has increased in recent years following the discovery of neural correlates of performance monitoring. In particular,
Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular phone
- Psychological Science
, 2001
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The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent variable analysis
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2004
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 149 (1 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Anxiety and cognitive performance: The attentional control theory
- Emotion
, 2007
"... Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo’s (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processin ..."
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Cited by 144 (4 self)
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Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo’s (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. How-ever, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.
Multiple resources and performance prediction
- Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science
, 2002
"... This paper describes the origins and history of multiple resource theory in accounting for di erences in dual task interference. One particular application of the theory, the 4-dimensional multiple resources model, is described in detail, positing that there will be greater interference between two ..."
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Cited by 144 (15 self)
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This paper describes the origins and history of multiple resource theory in accounting for di erences in dual task interference. One particular application of the theory, the 4-dimensional multiple resources model, is described in detail, positing that there will be greater interference between two tasks to the extent that they share stages (perceptual/cognitive vs response) sensory modalities (auditory vs visual), codes (visual vs spatial) and channels of visual information (focal vs ambient). A computational rendering of this model is then presented. Examples are given of how the model predicts interference di erences in operational envir-onments. Finally, three challenges to the model are outlined regarding task demand coding, task allocation and visual resource competition. 1.
Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2004
"... A load theory of attention in which distractor rejection depends on the level and type of load involved in current processing was tested. A series of experiments demonstrates that whereas high perceptual load reduces distractor interference, working memory load or dual-task coordination load increas ..."
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Cited by 128 (8 self)
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A load theory of attention in which distractor rejection depends on the level and type of load involved in current processing was tested. A series of experiments demonstrates that whereas high perceptual load reduces distractor interference, working memory load or dual-task coordination load increases distractor interference. These findings suggest 2 selective attention mechanisms: a perceptual selection mechanism serving to reduce distractor perception in situations of high perceptual load that exhaust perceptual capacity in processing relevant stimuli and a cognitive control mechanism that reduces interference from perceived distractors as long as cognitive control functions are available to maintain current priorities (low cognitive load). This theory resolves the long-standing early versus late selection debate and clarifies the role of cognitive control in selective attention. Goal-directed behavior requires focusing attention on goal-relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant distractors. However, the mechanisms for such behavioral control by selective attention remain to be elucidated. In this article, we present a load theory of attention that proposes two mechanisms of selective attention. The first is a perceptual selection mechanism that allows for excluding
Component processes in task switching
- Cognitive Psychology
, 2000
"... Participants switched between two randomly ordered, two-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks, where an instructional cue preceded the target stimulus and indicated which task to execute. Task-switching cost dissipated passively while the partici-pants waited for the instructional cue in order to know whi ..."
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Cited by 115 (17 self)
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Participants switched between two randomly ordered, two-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks, where an instructional cue preceded the target stimulus and indicated which task to execute. Task-switching cost dissipated passively while the partici-pants waited for the instructional cue in order to know which task to execute (during the Response–Cue Interval). Switching cost was sharply reduced, but not abolished, when the participants actively prepared for the task switch in response to the instruc-tional cue (during the Cue–Target Interval). The preparation for a task switch has shown not to be a by-product of general preparation by phasic alertness or predicting target onset. It is suggested that task-switching cost has at least three components reflecting (1) the passive dissipation of the previous task set, (2) the preparation of the new task set, and (3) a residual component. ª 2000 Academic Press Compared to the wealth of empirical evidence regarding elementary cog-nitive process, relatively little is known on how these processes are con-trolled (Logan, 1985; Monsell, 1996). One paradigm to study cognitive con-trol is task switching, in which participants rapidly switch between two or more choice reaction-time (RT) tasks. In most circumstances, switching tasks is associated with a sizable decrement in performance (called switching cost)
