Elliptic curves have been intensively studied in number theory and algebraic geometry for over 100 years and there is an enormous amount of literature on the subject. To quote the mathematician Serge Lang: It is possible to write endlessly on elliptic curves. (This is not a threat.) Elliptic curves also figured prominently in the recent proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by Andrew Wiles. Originally pursued for purely aesthetic reasons, elliptic curves have recently been utilized in devising algorithms for factoring integers, primality proving, and in public-key cryptography. In this article, we aim to give the reader an introduction to elliptic curve cryptosystems, and to demonstrate why these systems provide relatively small block sizes, high-speed software and hardware implementations, and offer the highest strength-per-key-bit of any known public-key scheme.

Elliptic curve cryptosystems, proposed by Koblitz ([11]) and Miller ([15]), can be constructed over a smaller field of definition than the ElGamal cryptosystems ([5]) or the RSA cryptosystems ([19]). This is why elliptic curve cryptosystems have begun to attract notice. In this paper, we investigate efficient elliptic curve exponentiation. We propose a new coordinate system and a new mixed coordinates strategy, which significantly improves on the number of basic operations needed for elliptic curve exponentiation.

In this paper we look in detail at the curves which arise in the method of Galbraith and Smart for producing curves in the Weil restriction of an elliptic curve over a finite field of characteristic two of composite degree. We explain how this method can be used to construct hyperelliptic cryptosystems which could be as secure as a cryptosystems based on the original elliptic curve. On the other hand, we show that this may provide a way of attacking the original elliptic curve cryptosystem using recent advances in the study of the discrete logarithm problem on hyperelliptic curves. We examine the resulting higher genus curves in some detail and propose an additional check on elliptic curve systems defined over fields of characteristic two so as to make them immune from the methods in this paper. 1. Introduction In this paper we address two problems: How to construct hyperelliptic cryptosystems and how to attack elliptic curve cryptosystems defined over fields of even characteristic ...

We present a general technique for the efficient computation of pairings on supersingular Abelian varieties. As particular cases, we describe efficient pairing algorithms for elliptic and hyperelliptic curves in characteristic 2. The latter is faster than all previously known pairing algorithms, and as a bonus also gives rise to faster conventional Jacobian arithmetic.

Abstract. This paper introduces a novel class of computational problems, the gap problems, which can be considered as a dual to the class of the decision problems. We show the relationship among inverting problems, decision problems and gap problems. These problems find a nice and rich practical instantiation with the Diffie-Hellman problems. Then, we see how the gap problems find natural applications in cryptography, namely for proving the security of very efficient schemes, but also for solving a more than 10-year old open security problem: the Chaum’s undeniable signature.

Frey and Rück gave a method to map the discrete logarithm problem in the divisor class group of a curve over  ¢¡ into a finite field discrete logarithm problem in some extension. The discrete logarithm problem in the divisor class group can therefore be solved as long ¥ as is small. In the elliptic curve case it is known that for supersingular curves one ¥§¦© ¨ has. In this paper curves of higher genus are studied. Bounds on the possible values ¥ for in the case of supersingular curves are given. Ways to ensure that a curve is not supersingular are also given. 1.

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is the elliptic curve analogue of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). It was accepted in 1999 as an ANSI standard, and was accepted in 2000 as IEEE and NIST standards. It was also accepted in 1998 as an ISO standard, and is under consideration for inclusion in some other ISO standards. Unlike the ordinary discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem, no subexponential-time algorithm is known for the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. For this reason, the strength-per-key-bit is substantially greater in an algorithm that uses elliptic curves. This paper describes the ANSI X9.62 ECDSA, and discusses related security, implementation, and interoperability issues. Keywords: Signature schemes, elliptic curve cryptography, DSA, ECDSA.

Recently the bilinear pairing such as Weil pairing or Tate pairing on elliptic curves and hyperelliptic curves have been found various applications in cryptography. Several identity-based (simply ID-based) cryptosystems using bilinear pairings of elliptic curves or hyperelliptic curves were presented. Blind signature and ring signature are very useful to provide the user's anonymity and the signer's privacy. They are playing an important role in building e-commerce. In this paper, we firstly propose an ID-based blind signature scheme and an ID-based ring signature scheme, both of which are based on the bilinear pairings. Also we analyze their security and e#ciency.

Abstract. We present an index-calculus algorithm for the computation of discrete logarithms in the Jacobian of hyperelliptic curves defined over finite fields. The complexity predicts that it is faster than the Rho method for genus greater than 4. To demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, we describe our breaking of a cryptosystem based on a curve of genus 6 recently proposed by Koblitz. 1

Abstract. In recent years cryptographic protocols based on the Weil and Tate pairings on elliptic curves have attracted much attention. A notable success in this area was the elegant solution by Boneh and Franklin [7] of the problem of efficient identity-based encryption. At the same time, the security standards for public key cryptosystems are expected to increase, so that in the future they will be capable of providing security equivalent to 128-, 192-, or 256-bit AES keys. In this paper we examine the implications of heightened security needs for pairing-based cryptosystems. We first describe three different reasons why high-security users might have concerns about the long-term viability of these systems. However, in our view none of the risks inherent in pairing-based systems are sufficiently serious to warrant pulling them from the shelves. We next discuss two families of elliptic curves E for use in pairingbased cryptosystems. The first has the property that the pairing takes values in the prime field Fp over which the curve is defined; the second family consists of supersingular curves with embedding degree k = 2. Finally, we examine the efficiency of the Weil pairing as opposed to the Tate pairing and compare a range of choices of embedding degree k, including k = 1 and k = 24. Let E be the elliptic curve 1.