Overt or covert reference to the edges of constituents is a commonplace throughout phonology and morphology. Some examples include: •In English, Garawa, Indonesian and a number of other languages, the normal right-to-left

this article concerns autosegmental representations, and not the rules which are presumed to manipulate them. Due to the expository goals of this paper we have not attempted to carry out a detailed analysis of a large body of phonological data, however we acknowledge that this is an important task and it is one that we intend to undertake in future work. Deriving the No-Crossing Constraint Sagey defines three relations on temporal units: simultaneity, precedence and overlap. Certain facts about the first two relations (and presumably the third also) are taken to be `included in our knowledge of the world' (p.110). We begin with a brief review of these facts. Temporal overlap is a two-place relation which is reflexive, symmetric and nontransitive. If we employ the notation x ffi y for the statement `x overlaps y' then these facts about overlap can be stated as follows: (1) a. For any x, x ffi x overlap is reflexive

This paper describes a method for generating F 0 contours from ToBI labelled utterances. The method uses linear regression to predict F 0 target values for the start, mid-vowel and end of every syllable, using features representing the ToBI labels, stress and syllable position. Contours generated by this method for an English database have a correlation of 0.62 and 34.8 Hz RMS error when compared with originals from test data. These results are significant improvements on a previous rule driven method (0.40 and 44.7), and the new method contours are preferred byhuman listeners. The technique has also been successfully applied to Japanese ToBI with similar improvements.

It is argued that a satisfactory global theory of intonation will require four levels of analysis : (i) physical (acoustic, physiological) (ii) phonetic (iii) surface phonological and (iv) deep phonological. The theoretical and cognitive status of each level is discussed and specific proposals are made for a model respecting such an overall architecture as well as a condition of interpretability which requires that each level of representation be interpretable in terms of adjacent levels. The level of phonetic representation is conceived of as providing an interface between abstract cognitive representations and their physical manifestations. This level is also assumed to provide an interface between constraints on production and perception. For fundamental frequency an algorithm, MOMEL, for the automatic derivation of a representation as a sequence of target-points is presented. The level of surface phonological representation is seen as the prosodic equivalent of the International Ph...

the present author, have offered different but related accounts of intonation structure in English and some other languages. These accounts share the assumption that the system of tones identified by Pierrehumbert (1980), as modified by Pierrehumbert and Beckman (1988) and Silverman et al. (1992), has as transparent and type-driven a semantics in these languages as do their words and phrases. While the semantics of intonation in English concerns information structure and propositional attitude, rather than the predicate-argument relations and operator-scope relations that are familiar from standard semantics in the spirit of the papers collected as Montague 1974, this information-structural semantics is fully compositional, and can be regarded as a component of the same semantic system. The present paper builds on Steedman (1991) and Steedman (2000a) to develop a new semantics for intonation structure, which shares with the earlier versions the property of being fully integrated into Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG, see Steedman 2000b, hereafter SP). This grammar integrates intonation structure into surface derivational structure and the associated Montague-style compositional semantics, even when the intonation structure departs from the restrictions of traditional surface structure. Many of the diverse discourse meanings that have been attributed to intonational tunes are shown to arise via conversational implicature from more primitive literal meanings distinguished along the three dimensions of information structure, speaker/hearer commitment, and contentiousness.

This paper describes a novel prosody generation model. We intend it to broadly support many linguistic theories and multiple languages, for the model imposes no restriction on accent categories and shapes. This capability is crucial to the next-generation of Text-to-Speech systems that will need to synthesize intonation variations for different speech acts, emotions, and styles of speech. The system supports mark-up tags that are mathematically defined and generate f 0 deterministically. Underlying the tags is an articulatory model of accent interaction which balances physiological and communication constraints. We specify the model by way of an algorithm for calculating the pitch, and by way of examples. The model allows localized, linguistically reasonable tags, and is suitable for a data-driven fitting process. 1.

The almeture imposed apon spoken sentences by intonation seems frequently to be orthogonal to their Ixadifional surface-syntaetic struc- ture. However, the notion of "intonational struc- ture" as formulated by Pierrehumbert, Selkirk, and others, can tm $ubsurned under a rather dif- ferent notion of syntacti safface $ffueture that emexgem from a theory of grammar based on a "Combinatory" exttmsion to Categorial Otan max. Interptationa of constituents at this level are in mrn directly related to "inforrnat[o structure ", or discourse-related notions of "theme", 'heme", "focus" and 'reatippo$ition". Some simplifications appear to follow for the problem of integrating syntax and other high-level modules in spoken language systems.

Correct pronunciation of spoken language requires the appropriate modulation of acoustic characteristics of speech to convey linguistic information at a suprasegmental level. Such prosodic modulation is a key aspect of spoken language and is an important component of foreign language learning, for purposes of both comprehension and intelligibility. Computer aided pronunciation teaching involves automatic analysis of the speech of a non-native talker in order to provide a diagnosis of the learner's performance in comparison with the speech of a native talker. This thesis describes research undertaken to automatically analyse the prosodic aspects of speech for computer aided pronunciation teaching. It is necessary to describe the suprasegmental composition of a learner's speech in order to characterise significant deviations from a native-like prosody, and to offer some kind of corrective diagnosis. Phonological theories of prosody aim to describe the suprasegmental composition of speech...

this paper and the prosodic analyses it contains. The order of authors is alphabetical. ToBItranscribed materials can be found at http://www-unix.oit. umass.edu/~cec

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