We present a new algorithm for dynamic prefixfree coding, based on Shannon coding. We give a simple analysis and prove a better upper bound on the length of the encoding produced than the corresponding bound for dynamic Huffman coding. We show how our algorithm can be modified for efficient length-restricted coding, alphabetic coding and coding with unequal letter costs.

Suppose that $S$ is a string of length $m$ drawn from an alphabet of $n$ characters, $d$ of which occur in $S$. Let $P$ be the relative frequency distribution of characters in $S$. We present a new algorithm for dynamic coding that uses at most \(\lceil \lg n \rceil 1\) bits to encode each character in $S$

Abstract. A common complaint about adaptive prefix coding is that it is much slower than static prefix coding. Karpinski and Nekrich recently took an important step towards resolving this: they gave an adaptive Shannon coding algorithm that encodes each character in O(1) amortized time and decodes it in O(log H) amortized time, where H is the empirical entropy of the input string s. For comparison, Gagie’s adaptive Shannon coder and both Knuth’s and Vitter’s adaptive Huffman coders all use Θ(H) amortized time for each character. In this paper we give an adaptive Shannon coder that both encodes and decodes each character in O(1) worst-case time. As with both previous adaptive Shannon coders, we store s in at most (H + 1)|s | + o(|s|) bits. We also show that this encoding length is worst-case optimal up to the lower order term. 1