Three studies show that the retrieval process itself causes long-lasting forgetting. Ss studied 8 categories (e.g., Fruit). Half the members of half the categories were then repeatedly practiced through retrieval tests (e.g., Fruit Or). Category-cued recall of unpracticed members of practiced categories was impaired on a delayed test. Experiments 2 and 3 identified 2 significant features of this retrieval-induced forgetting: The impairment remains when output interference is controlled, suggesting a retrieval-based suppression that endures for 20 min or more, and the impairment appears restricted to high-frequency members. Low-frequency members show little impairment, even in the presence of strong, practiced competitors that might be expected to block access to those items. These findings suggest a critical role for suppression in models of retrieval inhibition and implicate the retrieval process itself in everyday forgetting. A striking implication of current memory theory is that the very act of remembering may cause forgetting. It is not that the remembered item itself becomes more susceptible to forgetting; in fact, recalling an item increases the likelihood that it will be recallable again at a later time. Rather, it is other items—items that are associated to the same cue or cues guiding retrieval—that may be put in greater jeopardy of being forgotten. Impaired recall of such related items may arise if access to them is blocked by the newly acquired strength of their successfully retrieved competitors (Blaxton & Neely,

Evidence from electrophysiological measures such as ERPs (event-related potentials) and MEG (magnetoencephalography) suggest that the first evoked brain response component sensitive to stimulus properties affecting reaction times in word recognition tasks occurs at 300-400 ms. The present study used the stimulus manipulation of Vitevich and Luce (1999) to investigate whether the M350, an MEG response component peaking at 300400 ms, reflects lexical or post-lexical processing. Stimuli were simultaneously varied in phonotactic probability, which facilitates lexical activation, and in phonological neighborhood density, which inhibits the lexical decision process. The present results indicate that the M350 shows facilitation by phonotactic probability rather than inhibition by neighborhood density. Thus the M350 cannot be a post-lexical component. (118 words) Keywords: MEG, lexical decision, lexical access, phonotactic probability, neighborhood effects, N400, M350 3

We explain how to apply statistical techniques to solve several language-recognition problems that arise in cryptanalysis and other domains. Language recognition is important in cryptanalysis because, among other applications, an exhaustive key search of any cryptosystem from ciphertext alone requires a test that recognizes valid plaintext. Written for cryptanalysts, this guide should also be helpful to others as an introduction to statistical inference on Markov chains. Modeling language as a finite stationary Markov process, we adapt a statistical model of pattern recognition to language recognition. Within this framework we consider four welldefined language-recognition problems: 1) recognizing a known language, 2) distinguishing a known language from uniform noise, 3) distinguishing unknown 0th-order noise from unknown 1st-order language, and 4) detecting non-uniform unknown language. For the second problem we give a most powerful test based on the Neyman-Pearson Lemma. For the oth...

A fundamental question in research on conceptual structure concerns how information is represented in memory and used in tasks such as recognizing words. The present research focused on the role of correlations among semantic properties in conceptual memory. Norms were collected for 190 entities from 10 categories. Property intercorrelations influenced people's performance in both a property verification task and a short interval semantic priming experiment. Furthermore, correlated properties were more important for biological kinds than for artifacts. A connectionist model of the computation of word meaning was implemented in which property intercorrelations developed in the course of learning. The model was used to simulate the results of the two experiments. We then tested a novel prediction derived from the model: that the intercorrelational density of a concept's properties should influence the speed with which a concept is computed. This prediction was confirmed in a final experi...

Theorists have predicted that repetition blindness (RB) should be absent for nonwords because they do not activate preexisting mental types. The authors hypothesized that RB would be observed for nonwords because RB can occur at a sublexical level. Four experiments showed that RB is observed for word–nonword pairs (noon noof), orthographically similar nonwords (glome glame), and identical repetitions ( plass plass). More RB was found for words than for nonwords. Prior researchers may have failed to find RB for nonwords because display conditions that allow 2 words to be reliably encoded are insufficient for nonwords, or because observers coped with low ability to encode nonwords by using guessing strategies that do not require creating a mental type or tokenizing it. Many reading researchers have noted that words have a type of unitization that is not possessed by nonwords (M. Coltheart, Curtis,

This is "sentence 782" extracted from the book "The New C Standard: An Economic and Cultural Commentary"

Measures of segmental lexical statistics To evaluate the possibility that the preference of items like mlɪf reflects only the cooccurrence of their segments in the English lexicon, we calculated several statistical measures of our materials. These measures correspond to factors which have been reported in the literature as modulating perceptual accuracy and speed. The means of these measures, provided in Table 1, reflect averages computed over the twelve items representing each onset type (these means were not used in our analyses; they are presented merely as descriptive statistics). A brief description of these measures is found in the target paper—below we offer a more detailed description of these measures, their calculation and their expected effects on behavior. The statistical properties included neighborhood measures and measures of segment or letter co-occurrence (for auditory and printed materials, respectively). A final measure concerned the identity of the initial consonants. 1. Neighborhood measures. A target’s lexical neighborhood comprises all words obtained by adding, deleting or substituting one of a target’s phonemes (or letters, for printed words). Previous research suggests that words with a large neighborhood consisting of frequent words are recognized more readily in naming

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