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Public Education and Democracy in a Simple Model of Persistent Inequality
"... Abstract The paper introduces public education …nanced by linear taxation into a standard model of persistent inequality. It obtains the straightforward conclusion that agents with income above the average will prefer a positive tax rate. This implies a majority of agents supporting the introductio ..."
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Abstract The paper introduces public education …nanced by linear taxation into a standard model of persistent inequality. It obtains the straightforward conclusion that agents with income above the average will prefer a positive tax rate. This implies a majority of agents supporting the introduction of public education suggesting that democracy is necessary and su¢ cient condition for redistribution.
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE PRIMARY GROSS ENROLLMENTS IN SCHOOLS ACROSS PROVINCES IN PAKISTAN? (A Comparison of the four Provinces)
"... Abstract There is a huge literature available on education and its determinants, but there is still a need to focus on what actually determines children to attend school in developing regions. Not every child gets an opportunity to go to school in Pakistan. Those who attend might have good parental ..."
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Abstract There is a huge literature available on education and its determinants, but there is still a need to focus on what actually determines children to attend school in developing regions. Not every child gets an opportunity to go to school in Pakistan. Those who attend might have good parental educational background, family income, access to school, smaller household size etc. These factors directly or indirectly affect a child's schooling and are widely debated in policy-making decisions among developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine what determines the primary gross enrollment ratio in Pakistan. The results show that male literacy rate is not determining gross enrollments however female literacy is significant factor for determining gross enrollment ratio. Among all the four provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah is having slightly higher gross enrollment ratio than Punjab and Sindh whereas Baluchistan has the lowest gross enrollments. The estimates for population density are insignificant. Generally, household size is helpful in determining gross enrollments but in accordance with my estimated results the household size seems to be insignificant towards explaining gross enrollments. The results show that among all the four provinces Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwah are having high primary gross enrollment ratios than that of Sindh and Baluchistan.
SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES Human Capital Inequality and Income Inequality: Developing Countries
, 2013
"... ABSTRACT This paper examines the effect of human capital inequality on income inequality in Developing Countries. Gini coefficient is used as a consistent measurement for both inequalities. This paper also adds a few control variables: Globalization Index, GDP per capita and total population.It use ..."
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ABSTRACT This paper examines the effect of human capital inequality on income inequality in Developing Countries. Gini coefficient is used as a consistent measurement for both inequalities. This paper also adds a few control variables: Globalization Index, GDP per capita and total population.It uses dynamic panel data two-Step System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) for 52 countries over the period of 1970-2010. The empirical results show that human capital inequality has a significance positive effect on income inequality. This result is similar with the theoretical framework,where the human capital inequality and income inequality are positively correlated. However, other control variables such as Global and total population are insignificant with income inequality except for GDP per capita at 5 and 10 percent level. Thus, in order to reduce income inequality and to give citizens equal opportunities, governments of developing countries and policymakers need to minimise human capital inequality.
of LaborWhy Did the Netherlands Develop So Early? The Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life
, 2013
"... Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The ..."
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Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be
Why Did the Netherlands Develop so Early? The Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life*
"... This research provides an explanation for high literacy, economic growth and societal developments in the Netherlands in the period before the Dutch Republic. We establish a link between the Brethren of the Common Life (BCL), a religious community founded by Geert Groote in the city of Deventer in t ..."
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This research provides an explanation for high literacy, economic growth and societal developments in the Netherlands in the period before the Dutch Republic. We establish a link between the Brethren of the Common Life (BCL), a religious community founded by Geert Groote in the city of Deventer in the late fourteenth century, and the early development of the Netherlands. The BCL stimulated human capital accumulation by educating Dutch citizens without inducing animosity from the dominant Roman Catholic Church or other political rulers. Human capital had an impact on the structure of economic development in the period immediately after 1400. The educated workforce put pressure on the Habsburg monarchy leading to economic and religious resentment and eventually to the Revolt in 1572. The analyses show that the BCL contributed to the high rates of literacy in the Netherlands. In addition, there are positive effects of the BCL on book production and on city growth in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Finally, we find that cities with BCL-roots were more likely to join the Dutch Revolt. These findings are supported by regressions that use distance to Deventer as an instrument for the presence of BCL. The results are robust to a number of
Maastricht Economic and social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology,
"... The impact of development aid on education and health: Survey and new evidence from dynamic models ..."
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The impact of development aid on education and health: Survey and new evidence from dynamic models
1 Chapter 12. The Policy Response: Education
"... We examine policies that may help to combat educational inequalities in the competences achieved (i.e. quality of education). Using cross-sectional data we demonstrate the existence of correlation between several institutional characteristics of educational systems and student achievement, including ..."
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We examine policies that may help to combat educational inequalities in the competences achieved (i.e. quality of education). Using cross-sectional data we demonstrate the existence of correlation between several institutional characteristics of educational systems and student achievement, including early tracking, vocational orientation, and forms of national standardization. When we look at mere schooling we can adopt we take a more longitudinal approach to educational policies. Thanks to new data collection, we describe various policies to combat inequality in educational attainment, both in terms of distributions and in terms of inequality of educational opportunity by social groups. Finally, we encompasses the relationships between the whole set of educational policies, educational distributions and income inequality. By complementing contemporary EU SILC data on educational and earnings attainments with comparative student achievement data from the 1960s onwards, we examine to what extent educational policies affect the quality and quantity of education, and how these educational distributions relate to the level of income inequality. In the concluding section discusses the potential opposition to the implementation of these policies. 2
From Inequality to Growth: The Role of Knowledge Creation
, 2009
"... In this paper, I revisit the classic question: how does inequality affect growth? I propose a new channel- knowledge creation- through which the relationship between growth and inequality could be affected. In the model, knowledge is created within firms through the interaction of agents with dif-fe ..."
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In this paper, I revisit the classic question: how does inequality affect growth? I propose a new channel- knowledge creation- through which the relationship between growth and inequality could be affected. In the model, knowledge is created within firms through the interaction of agents with dif-ferent abilities. An increase in inequality of the underlying distribution of abilities affects knowledge creation by changing how agents match within firms. I uncover two effects that determine how aggre-gate knowledge creation and consequently, the growth rate changes. A change in inequality increases the average ability of agents creating knowledge- the distribution effect. At the same time, there are fewer agents engaged in knowledge creation- the allocation effect. I examine the conditions under which one effect dominates the other. Using the model, I provide one possible explanation for Barro’s (1993) finding that inequality reduces growth rate for less developed countries but increases the rate for developed countries.
