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The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
, 2008
"... Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cog-nition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default net-work is a specific, an ..."
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Cited by 316 (7 self)
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Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cog-nition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default net-work is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment. Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey sup-ports the presence of an interconnected brain system. Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobio-graphical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of oth-ers. Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems. The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides informa-tion from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation. The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations. These two sub-systems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex. The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to
The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 2009
"... & A core brain network has been proposed to underlie a number of different processes, including remembering, prospection, navigation, and theory of mind [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007]. This purported network— me ..."
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Cited by 129 (8 self)
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& A core brain network has been proposed to underlie a number of different processes, including remembering, prospection, navigation, and theory of mind [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007]. This purported network— medial prefrontal, medial-temporal, and medial and lateral parietal regions—is similar to that observed during defaultmode processing and has been argued to represent selfprojection [Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 49–57, 2007] or
Episodic future thought: An emerging concept
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2010
"... On behalf of: ..."
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Sleep's role in the consolidation of emotional episodic memories
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 2010
"... Emotion has a lasting effect on memory, encouraging certain aspects of our experiences to become durable parts of our memory stores. Although emotion exerts its influence at every phase of memory, this review focuses on emotion’s role in the consolidation and transformation of memories over time. Sl ..."
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Emotion has a lasting effect on memory, encouraging certain aspects of our experiences to become durable parts of our memory stores. Although emotion exerts its influence at every phase of memory, this review focuses on emotion’s role in the consolidation and transformation of memories over time. Sleep provides ideal conditions for memory consolidation, and recent research demonstrates that manipulating sleep can shed light on the storage and evolution of emotional memories. We provide evidence that sleep enhances the likelihood that select pieces of an experience are stabilized in memory, leading memory for emotional experiences to home in on the aspects of the experience that are most closely tied to the affective response.
Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: Revaluation, revision, and revelation
"... Abstract Evidence supports at least twomethods for learning about reward and punishment and making predictions for guiding actions. One method, calledmodel-free, progressively acquires cached estimates of the long-run values of circum-stances and actions from retrospective experience. The other meth ..."
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Cited by 4 (0 self)
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Abstract Evidence supports at least twomethods for learning about reward and punishment and making predictions for guiding actions. One method, calledmodel-free, progressively acquires cached estimates of the long-run values of circum-stances and actions from retrospective experience. The other method, called model-based, uses representations of the envi-ronment, expectations, and prospective calculations to make cognitive predictions of future value. Extensive attention has been paid to both methods in computational analyses of instrumental learning. By contrast, although a full computa-tional analysis has been lacking, Pavlovian learning and pre-diction has typically been presumed to be solely model-free. Here, we revise that presumption and review compelling evidence from Pavlovian revaluation experiments showing that Pavlovian predictions can involve their own form of model-based evaluation. In model-based Pavlovian evalua-tion, prevailing states of the body and brain influence value computations, and thereby produce powerful incentive moti-vations that can sometimes be quite new. We consider the consequences of this revised Pavlovian view for the compu-tational landscape of prediction, response, and choice.We also revisit differences between Pavlovian and instrumental learn-ing in the control of incentive motivation.
Overgeneralized autobiographical memory and future thinking in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
, 2013
"... a b s t r a c t Background: Studies show that individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) tend to recall autobiographical memories with decreased episodic specificity. A growing body of research has demonstrated that the mechanisms involved in recalling autobiographical memories overlap c ..."
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a b s t r a c t Background: Studies show that individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) tend to recall autobiographical memories with decreased episodic specificity. A growing body of research has demonstrated that the mechanisms involved in recalling autobiographical memories overlap considerably with those involved in imagining the future. Although shared autobiographical deficits in remembering the past and imagining the future have been observed in other clinical populations, this has yet to be examined in PTSD. This study examined whether, compared to combat trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD, those with combat-related PTSD would be more likely to generate overgeneralized autobiographical memories and imagined future events. Method: Operation Enduring/Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with and without PTSD were presented with neutral word cues and were instructed to generate memories or imagine future autobiographical events. Responses were digitally recorded and were coded for level of episodic specificity and content related to combat trauma. Results: Individuals with PTSD were more likely to generate overgeneral autobiographical memories and future events than individuals without PTSD, and were more likely to incorporate content associated with combat when remembering the past or thinking about the future. Limitation: Limitations of the study include a cross-sectional design, precluding causality; the lack of a non-trauma exposed group, relatively small sample, and almost all-male gender of participants, limiting the generalizability to other populations. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with PTSD show similar deficits when generating personal past and future events, which may represent a previously unexamined mechanism involved in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms.
Future planning: default network activity coupes with frontoparietal control network and reward-processing regions during process and outcome simulations.
- Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.
, 2014
"... We spend much of our daily lives imagining how we can reach future goals and what will happen when we attain them. Despite the prevalence of such goal-directed simulations, neuroimaging studies on planning have mainly focused on executive processes in the frontal lobe. This experiment examined the ..."
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We spend much of our daily lives imagining how we can reach future goals and what will happen when we attain them. Despite the prevalence of such goal-directed simulations, neuroimaging studies on planning have mainly focused on executive processes in the frontal lobe. This experiment examined the neural basis of process simulations, during which participants imagined themselves going through steps toward attaining a goal, and outcome simulations, during which participants imagined events they associated with achieving a goal. In the scanner, participants engaged in these simulation tasks and an odd/even control task. We hypothesized that process simulations would recruit default and frontoparietal control network regions, and that outcome simulations, which allow us to anticipate the affective consequences of achieving goals, would recruit default and reward-processing regions. Our analysis of brain activity that covaried with process and outcome simulations confirmed these hypotheses. A functional connectivity analysis with posterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior inferior parietal lobule seeds showed that their activity was correlated during process simulations and associated with a distributed network of default and frontoparietal control network regions. During outcome simulations, medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala seeds covaried together and formed a functional network with default and reward-processing regions.
Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) anticipate future outcomes of foraging choices
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
, 2011
"... In 2 experiments we investigated the cognitive abilities of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in future anticipation tasks. Chickadees were sensitive to anticipatory contrast effects over time horizons of 5, 10, and 30 min (Experiment 1). Chickadees also learned the order of ..."
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In 2 experiments we investigated the cognitive abilities of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in future anticipation tasks. Chickadees were sensitive to anticipatory contrast effects over time horizons of 5, 10, and 30 min (Experiment 1). Chickadees also learned the order of events and anticipated that the quality of future foraging outcomes was contingent on current foraging choices. This behavior was demonstrated while foraging in a naturalistic aviary environment with a 30-min delay between the initial choice and the future outcome (Experiment 2). These results support the hypothesis that black-capped chickadees can cognitively travel in time both retrospectively and prospectively using episodic memory. This result shows the occurrence of anticipatory cognition in a noncorvid species of food-storing bird and supports the idea that cognitive time travel may have evolved in nonhuman animals in response to specific ecological selection pressures.
Retrieval speeds context fluctuation: Why semantic generation enhances later learning but hinders prior learning
, 2014
"... Abstract In recent work, retrieval has been shown to enhance memory for events following that retrieval. In this set of experiments, we examined the effects of interleaved semantic retrieval on both previous and future learning within a multilist learning paradigm. Interleaved retrieval led to en-ha ..."
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Abstract In recent work, retrieval has been shown to enhance memory for events following that retrieval. In this set of experiments, we examined the effects of interleaved semantic retrieval on both previous and future learning within a multilist learning paradigm. Interleaved retrieval led to en-hanced memory for lists learned following retrieval. In con-trast, memory was impaired for lists learned prior to retrieval (Experiment 1). These results are consistent with recent work in multilist learning, directed forgetting, and list-before-last retrieval, all of which indicate a crucial role for retrieval in enhancing mental list segregation. This pattern of results follows clearly from a theoretical perspective in which retriev-al drives internal contextual change and in which contextual overlap between study and test promotes better memory. Consistent with that perspective, a 15-min delay before the final test eliminated both effects (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 replicated the results of Experiment 1 with materials and assessments more appropriate for educational settings: Inter-leaved semantic retrieval led learners to be more able to answer questions correctly about texts studied after a retrieval event but less able to do so for texts studied earlier.
Older and wiser? An affective science perspective on age-related challenges in financial decision making
- Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci
, 2011
"... Financial planning decisionss are fundamentally affective in nature; they are decisions related to money, longevity and quality of life. Over the next several decades people will be increasingly responsible for managing their own assets and investments, and they will be subject to the affective inf ..."
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Financial planning decisionss are fundamentally affective in nature; they are decisions related to money, longevity and quality of life. Over the next several decades people will be increasingly responsible for managing their own assets and investments, and they will be subject to the affective influences on active, personal decision-making. Many of these crucial decisions are made and revised across the lifespan, including when to buy or sell a home, how to save for childrens' education, how to manage healthcare costs, when to retire, how much to save for retirement and how to allocate retirement funds. As average life expectancy increases, many retirees will be faced with inadequate savings to live comfortably until the end of their lives. In the current article, we examine the problems of and potential solutions to inadequate financial planning through the lens of affective science, with an emphasis on how brain-based changes in affective processing with age might contribute to the challenge of financial planning.
