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129
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults: The HAROLD Model
- Psychology and Aging
, 2002
"... this article now proposes that the change in hemispheric asymmetry in older adults during verbal recall is reflective of a general aging phenomenon rather than a task-specific occurrence. More specifically, under similar circumstances, PFC activity during cognitive performances tends to be less late ..."
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Cited by 256 (12 self)
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this article now proposes that the change in hemispheric asymmetry in older adults during verbal recall is reflective of a general aging phenomenon rather than a task-specific occurrence. More specifically, under similar circumstances, PFC activity during cognitive performances tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. This empirical generalization is conceptualized in terms of a model called hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD)
Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task
- Psychology and Aging
, 2004
"... Previous work has shown that bilingualism is associated with more effective controlled processing in children; the assumption is that the constant management of 2 competing languages enhances executive functions (E. Bialystok, 2001). The present research attempted to determine whether this bilingual ..."
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Cited by 102 (6 self)
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Previous work has shown that bilingualism is associated with more effective controlled processing in children; the assumption is that the constant management of 2 competing languages enhances executive functions (E. Bialystok, 2001). The present research attempted to determine whether this bilingual advantage persists for adults and whether bilingualism attenuates the negative effects of aging on cognitive control in older adults. Three studies are reported that compared the performance of mono-lingual and bilingual middle-aged and older adults on the Simon task. Bilingualism was associated with smaller Simon effect costs for both age groups; bilingual participants also responded more rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory. In all cases the bilingual advantage was greater for older participants. It appears, therefore, that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes. Research in cognitive aging has advanced enormously in the past few decades, producing detailed studies and sophisticated models of age-related changes in cognitive functions (see chapters in Craik & Salthouse, 2000). Most of this research involves
Adult age differences in task switching
- Psychology and Aging
, 2000
"... Age differences in 2 components of task-set switching speed were investigated in 118 adults aged 20 to 80 years using task-set homogeneous (e.g., AAAA... ) and task-set heterogeneous (e.g., AABBAABB...) blocks. General switch costs were defined as latency differences between heteroge-neous and homog ..."
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Cited by 90 (5 self)
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Age differences in 2 components of task-set switching speed were investigated in 118 adults aged 20 to 80 years using task-set homogeneous (e.g., AAAA... ) and task-set heterogeneous (e.g., AABBAABB...) blocks. General switch costs were defined as latency differences between heteroge-neous and homogeneous blocks, whereas pecific switch costs were defined as differences between switch and nonswitch trials within heterogeneous blocks. Both types of costs generalized over verbal, figural, and numeric stimulus materials; were more highly correlated to fluid than to crystallized abilities; and were not eliminated after 6 sessions of practice, indicating that they reflect basic and domain-general aspects of cognitive control. Most important, age-associated increments in costs were significantly greater for general than for specific switch costs, suggesting that the ability to efficiently maintain and coordinate 2 alternating task sets in working memory instead of 1 is more negatively affected by advancing age than the ability to execute the task switch itself. Cognitive control processes are generally seen as responsible for the regulation and organization of behavioral activity (Baddeley, 1986; Norman & Shallice, 1986). Influenced by the neuropsycho-logical research tradition, developmental researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of cognitive control processes for the regulation of behavior and in their relationship to age-related decrements in fluid intelligence or the mechanics of cog-nition (e.g., Baltes, 1993). Theoretical considerations about aging models of cognitive control are dominated by the frontal lobe hypothesis of aging, which assumes that age-related ecline in intellectual functioning is associated with age-based changes in the frontal lobe (Dempster, 1992; Duncan, 1995; Prull, Gabrieli, & Bunge, in press). This line of thinking has been primarily influ-enced by clinical observations of behavioral deficits in frontal obe patients (Reitan & Wolfson, 1994; Shallice & Burgess, 1993;
Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 1998
"... In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding task ..."
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Cited by 64 (15 self)
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In 5 experiments, the character of concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the concurrent task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory. Successfully completing an intended action in the future depends on a type of remembering that has been labeled prospective memory. Thus, successful prospective memory requires remembering to remember. As a cognitive con-struct, however, prospective memory is less monolithic than
Activation of completed, uncompleted, and partially completed intentions
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 1998
"... The intention-superiority effect is the finding that response latencies are faster for items related to an uncompleted intention as compared with materials that have no associated intentionality. T. Goschke and J. Kuhl (1993) used recognition latency for simple action scripts to document this effect ..."
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Cited by 60 (9 self)
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The intention-superiority effect is the finding that response latencies are faster for items related to an uncompleted intention as compared with materials that have no associated intentionality. T. Goschke and J. Kuhl (1993) used recognition latency for simple action scripts to document this effect. We used a lexical-decision task to replicate that shorter latencies were associated with uncompleted intentions as compared with neutral materials (Experiments 1 and 3). Experiments 2-4, however, demonstrated that latencies were longer for completed scripts as compared with neutral materials. In Experiment 4, shorter latencies were also obtained for partially completed scripts. The results are discussed in terms of the activation and inhibition that may guide behavior, as well as how these results may inform theories of prospective memory. Prospective memory is a complex form of human memory that functions in service of completing temporarily postponed intentions. Published research reports on the topic are not numerous, but the field is growing (cf. Roediger, 1996). One distinction that is often made in this literature is
Source Memory in Older Adults: An Encoding or Retrieval Problem
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2001
"... Source memory has been found to be more affected by aging than item memory, possibly because of declining frontal function among older adults. In 4 experiments, the authors explored the role of the frontal lobes (FLs) in source memory, the extent to which they may be involved in the encoding and/or ..."
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Cited by 51 (6 self)
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Source memory has been found to be more affected by aging than item memory, possibly because of declining frontal function among older adults. In 4 experiments, the authors explored the role of the frontal lobes (FLs) in source memory, the extent to which they may be involved in the encoding and/or retrieval of source or context, and the conditions under which the source memory deficit in older people may be reduced or eliminated. Results indicated that only a subset of older adults show deficits in source memory, namely those with below average frontal function, and these deficits can be eliminated by requiring people at study to consider the relation between an item and its context. These results provide convincing evidence of the importance of frontal function during the encoding of source and suggest that older adults with reduced FL function fail to initiate the processes required to integrate contextual information with focal content during study. As people age, their memories for recent events tend to become less precise, less well specified. Although they may know that a particular event occurred or have knowledge of a particular fact, they may be less likely to recollect where or when the event took place or how they acquired their knowledge of it. This latter kind
A meta-analytic review of prospective memory and aging
- Psychology and Aging
, 2004
"... A meta-analysis of prospective memory (PM) studies revealed that in laboratory settings younger participants outperform older participants on tests of both time- and event-based PM (rs ��.39 and �.34, respectively). Event-based PM tasks that impose higher levels of controlled strategic demand are as ..."
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Cited by 47 (1 self)
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A meta-analysis of prospective memory (PM) studies revealed that in laboratory settings younger participants outperform older participants on tests of both time- and event-based PM (rs ��.39 and �.34, respectively). Event-based PM tasks that impose higher levels of controlled strategic demand are associated with significantly larger age effects than event-based PM tasks that are supported by relatively more automatic processes (rs ��.40 vs. �.14, respectively). However, contrary to the prevailing view in the literature, retrospective memory as measured by free recall is associated with significantly greater age-related decline (r � –.52) than PM, and older participants perform substantially better than their younger counterparts in naturalistic PM studies (rs �.35 and.52 for event- and time-based PM, respectively). Much research on cognitive aging has focused on retrospective memory, or recollection of past events (for a review, see Light, 1991), and almost invariably it has been reported that substantial deficits in this aspect of cognition are associated with normal aging. However, interest has increasingly shifted to investigating prospective memory (PM), that is, memory for future intentions. Relative to retrospective memory, PM is believed to be more dependent on internal control mechanisms (Craik, 1983, 1986). This is because, according to Craik’s (1986) theoretical model, the act of recollection is dependent on reconstructing events in memory, and it is suggested that this process must be guided either by external cues, or in their absence, self-initiated cues. In retrospective memory tasks explicit prompts to recall are provided by the experimenter, whereas in PM tasks the cue is not an explicit request for action, but instead it requires either interpretation of a cue or an internal impetus. It has often been argued that this requirement for self-initiated remembering means that PM tasks should be more susceptible to the effects of adult aging than retrospective memory tasks (e.g., Craik, 1986; Maylor, 1995;
Multiple Processes in Prospective Memory Retrieval: Factors Determining Monitoring versus Spontaneous Retrieval
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2005
"... Theoretically, prospective memory retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of the environment for a target event or by a more reflexive process that spontaneously responds to the presence of a target event. These views were evaluated in Experiments 1–4 by examining whether perfo ..."
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Cited by 45 (7 self)
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Theoretically, prospective memory retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of the environment for a target event or by a more reflexive process that spontaneously responds to the presence of a target event. These views were evaluated in Experiments 1–4 by examining whether performing a prospective memory task produced costs on the speed of performing the ongoing task. In Experiment 5, the authors directly tested for the existence of spontaneous retrieval. The results supported the multi-process theory (M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein, 2000) predictions that (a) spontaneous retrieval can occur and can support good prospective memory and (b) depending on task demands and individual differences, people rely to different degrees on monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval for prospective remembering.
Age-related differences in neural activity during item and temporal-order memory retrieval: A positron emission tomography study
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 2000
"... & Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to inves-tigate the hypothesis that older adults ’ difficulties with temporal-order memory are related to deficits in frontal function. Young (mean 24.7 years) and old (mean 68.6 years) participants studied a list of words, and were then scanned whil ..."
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Cited by 40 (5 self)
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& Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to inves-tigate the hypothesis that older adults ’ difficulties with temporal-order memory are related to deficits in frontal function. Young (mean 24.7 years) and old (mean 68.6 years) participants studied a list of words, and were then scanned while retrieving information about what words were in the list (item retrieval) or when they occurred within the list (temporal-order retrieval). There were three main results. First, whereas the younger adults engaged right prefrontal regions more during temporal-order retrieval than during item retrieval, the older adults did not. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that context memory deficits in older adults are due to frontal dysfunction. Second, ventromedial temporal activity during item memory was relatively unaffected by aging. This finding concurs with evidence that item memory is relatively preserved in old adults and with the notion that medial temporal regions are involved in automatic retrieval operations. Finally, replicating the result of a previous study (Cabeza, R., Grady, C. L.,
Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: a metaanalysis
- Neuropsychology
, 2005
"... To determine the size of the impairment across different cognitive domains in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a meta-analysis based on 47 studies involving 9,097 controls and 1,207 preclinical AD cases was conducted. There were marked preclinical deficits in global cognitive ability, episodic ..."
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Cited by 36 (0 self)
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To determine the size of the impairment across different cognitive domains in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a meta-analysis based on 47 studies involving 9,097 controls and 1,207 preclinical AD cases was conducted. There were marked preclinical deficits in global cognitive ability, episodic memory, perceptual speed, and executive functioning; somewhat smaller deficits in verbal ability, visuospatial skill, and attention; and no preclinical impairment in primary memory. Younger age ( 75 years) and shorter follow-up intervals ( 3 years) were associated with larger effect sizes for both global cognitive ability and episodic memory. For global cognitive ability, studies that used population-based sampling yielded larger effect sizes; for episodic memory, larger differences were seen in studies that preidentified groups in terms of baseline cognitive impairment. Within episodic memory, delayed testing and recall-based assessment resulted in the largest effect sizes. The authors conclude that deficits in multiple cognitive domains are characteristic of AD several years before clinical diagnosis. The generalized nature of the deficit is consistent with recent observations that multiple brain structures and functions are affected long before the AD diagnosis.
