Abstract. This paper presents two dynamic search trees attaining near-optimal performance on any hierarchical memory. The data structures are independent of the parameters of the memory hierarchy, e.g., the number of memory levels, the block-transfer size at each level, and the relative speeds of memory levels. The performance is analyzed in terms of the number of memory transfers between two memory levels with an arbitrary block-transfer size of B; this analysis can then be applied to every adjacent pair of levels in a multilevel memory hierarchy. Both search trees match the optimal search bound of Θ(1+logB+1 N) memory transfers. This bound is also achieved by the classic B-tree data structure on a two-level memory hierarchy with a known block-transfer size B. The first search tree supports insertions and deletions in Θ(1 + logB+1 N) amortized memory transfers, which matches the B-tree’s worst-case bounds. The second search tree supports scanning S consecutive elements optimally in Θ(1 + S/B) memory transfers and supports insertions and deletions in Θ(1 + logB+1 N + log2 N) amortized memory transfers, matching the performance of the B-tree for B = B Ω(log N log log N).

The ability to provide differentiated services to users with widely varying requirements is becoming increasingly important, and Internet Service Providers would like to provide these differentiated services using the same shared network infrastructure. The key mechanism, that enables differentiation in a connectionless network, is the packet classification function that parses the headers of the packets, and after determining their context, classifies them based on administrative policies or real-time reservation decisions. Packet classification, however, is a complex operation that can become the bottleneck in routers that try to support gigabit link capacities. Hence, many proposals for differentiated services only require classification at lower speed edge routers and also avoid classification based on multiple fields in the packet header even if it might be advantageous to service providers. In this paper, we present new packet classification schemes that, with a worst-case and tr...

Efficient implementations of Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm are investigated. A new data structure, called the radix heap, is proposed for use in this algorithm. On a network with n vertices, m edges, and nonnegative integer arc costs bounded by C, a one-level form of radix heap gives a time bound for Dijkstra’s algorithm of O(m + n log C). A two-level form of radix heap gives a bound of O(m + n log C/log log C). A combination of a radix heap and a previously known data structure called a Fibonacci heap gives a bound of O(m + nm). The best previously known bounds are O(m + n log n) using Fibonacci heaps alone and O(m log log C) using the priority queue structure of Van Emde Boas et al. [17].

This paper presents a simple dictionary structure designed for a hierarchical memory. The proposed data structure is cache oblivious and locality preserving. A cache-oblivious data structure has memory performance optimized for all levels of the memory hierarchy even though it has no memory-hierarchy-speci c parameterization. A localitypreserving dictionary maintains elements of similar key values stored close together for fast access to ranges of data with consecutive keys.

With the transformation of the Internet into a commercial infrastructure, the ability to provide differentiated services to users with widely varying requirements is rapidly becoming as important as meeting the massive increases in bandwidth demand. Hence, while deploying routers, switches, and transmission systems of ever increasing capacity, Internet service providers would also like to provide customer-specific differentiated services using the same shared network infrastructure. In this article, we describe router architectures that can support the two trends of rising bandwidth demand and rising demand for differentiated services. We focus on router mechanisms that can support differentiated services at a level not contemplated in proposals currently under consideration due to concern regarding their implementability at high speeds. We consider the types of differentiated services that service providers may want to offer and then discuss the mechanisms needed in routers to support them. We describe plausible implementations of these mechanisms (the scalability and performance of which have been demonstrated by implementation in a prototype system) and argue that it is

The single source shortest paths problem (SSSP) is one of the classic problems in algorithmic graph theory: given a weighted graph G with a source vertex s, find the shortest path from s to all other vertices in the graph. Since 1959 all theoretical developments in SSSP have been based on Dijkstra's algorithm, visiting the vertices in order of increasing distance from s. Thus, any implementation of Dijkstra 's algorithm sorts the vertices according to their distances from s. However, we do not know how to sort in linear time. Here, a deterministic linear time and linear space algorithm is presented for the undirected single source shortest paths problem with integer weights. The algorithm avoids the sorting bottle-neck by building a hierechical bucketing structure, identifying vertex pairs that may be visited in any order. 1 Introduction Let G = (V; E), jV j = n, jEj = m, be an undirected connected graph with an integer edge weight function ` : E ! N and a distinguished source vertex...

We show that n integers in the range 1 : : n can be sorted stably on an EREW PRAM using O(t) time and O(n( p log n log log n + (log n) 2 =t)) operations, for arbitrary given t log n log log n, and on a CREW PRAM using O(t) time and O(n( p log n + log n=2 t=logn )) operations, for arbitrary given t log n. In addition, we are able to sort n arbitrary integers on a randomized CREW PRAM within the same resource bounds with high probability. In each case our algorithm is a factor of almost \Theta( p log n) closer to optimality than all previous algorithms for the stated problem in the stated model, and our third result matches the operation count of the best previous sequential algorithm. We also show that n integers in the range 1 : : m can be sorted in O((log n) 2 ) time with O(n) operations on an EREW PRAM using a nonstandard word length of O(log n log log n log m) bits, thereby greatly improving the upper bound on the word length necessary to sort integers with a linear t...

Many NP-hard graph problems can be solved in polynomial time for graphs with bounded treewidth. Equivalent results are known for pathwidth and branchwidth. In recent years, several studies have shown that this result is not only of theoretical interest but can successfully be applied to find (almost) optimal solutions or lower bounds for many optimization problems. To apply a tree decomposition approach, the treewidth of the graph has to be determined, independently of the application at hand. Although for fixed k, linear time algorithms exist to solve the decision problem “treewidth < k”, their practical use is very limited. The computational tractability of treewidth has been rarely studied so far. In this paper, we compare four heuristics and two lower bounds for instances from applications such as the frequency assignment problem and the vertex coloring problem. Three of the heuristics are based on well-known algorithms to recognize triangulated graphs. The fourth heuristic recursively improves a tree decomposition by the computation of minimal separating vertex sets in subgraphs. Lower bounds can be computed from maximal cliques and the minimum degree of induced subgraphs. A computational analysis shows that the treewidth of several graphs can be identified by these methods. For other graphs, however, more sophisticated techniques are necessary.

The analysis of set-based programs is sometimes facilitated by the computational model of a set machine; i.e., a uniform cost sequential RAM augmented with an assortment of primitives on finite sets, under the assumption that associative operations, e.g., set membership, take unit time. In this paper we give broad sufficient conditions in which to simulate a set machine on a RAM (without set primitives) in real time. Two variants of a RAM are considered. One allows for pointer and cursor access. The other permits only pointer access. Our translation method introduces a new programming methodology for data structure design and provides a new framework for investigating automatic data structure selection for set-based programs. November 10, 1994 ############### 1 Part of this work was done while the author was a summer faculty at IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. This work is also partly based on research supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-87-K-0461 and b...

In this paper we present three algorithms that solve three combinatorial optimization problems related to each other. One of them is the patience sorting game, invented as a practical method of sorting real decks of cards. The second problem is computing the longest monotone increasing subsequence of the given sequence of n positive integers in the range 1; : : : ; n. The third problem is to enumerate all the longest monotone increasing subsequences of the given permutation.