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..., and those who are early in their career.THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP Research in online content producing communities has shown that leadership can be essential to the production of high quality content =-=[27, 23]-=-. We find that this is also true of the Polymath1 project. From its inception, leadership was essential to the Polymath Project. The idea was initially conceived and implemented by Timothy Gowers, a w...

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...ls [2,15] to explain leadership in online communities. They suggest that the leadership role is a specialized one. People who are appointed or elected to perform this role are designated as “leaders” =-=[29, 6, 20]-=-. According to this view, some of the responsibilities and functions associated with leadership cannot be shared too widely without jeopardizing the effectiveness of the group. In contrast, we suggest...

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...ot find enough time:slack of time is the top reason that subject experts do notscontribute to Wikipedia [29]. Those who do participate inscrowdsourcing campaigns often drop out when lifesbecomes busy =-=[21]-=-. Even seemingly small timesrequirements can dissuade users: psychologists defineschannel factors as the small but critical barriers to actionsthat have a disproportionate effect on whether peoplescom...

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...laborative works. In studies of Newgrounds, ansonline animation community that supports open collaboration, Luther and colleagues have observed thatsproducing highly original works is a primary goal (=-=Luther & Bruckman, 2008-=-). In some communities,sreuse and remixing provide an important vehicle for people to build upon one another’s ideas (Tuite &sSmith, 2012). In this issue, Monroy-Hernandez and Hill examine how remixin...

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...e more widely known, high quality art has also been peer produced. The Johnny Cash Project [21] aggregated thousands of peer produced drawings to create a Grammy-nominated music video. Work by Luther =-=[30]-=- has shown how artistic work is produced in vibrant remixing communities. Recent work looking at the design of virtual objects has shown that remix-style collaboration leads to better designs than whe...

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...nal labor of remedying friction, the critical labor of reflecting back, and the blame bearing labor of acting with an invitation to undo. The structured labor of making tactical publics work online is not unique to our project, but this paper seeks to amplify and name it. We see hints of it elsewhere in social computing research and existing, real-world systems. Kriplean et al.’s integration of librarian factcheckers into a deliberation system offers a second intriguing data point [25]. Luther and Bruckman also identify leadership opportunities and challenges in creative collaborations online [29]. These forms of labor give lie to the idea that social software itself can produce the conditions for change. As a research community, we can begin to recognize the labors that combine with software to bring about change and ask how we can better support those labors. A focus on the “human infrastructure” [28] that made Dynamo work troubles the passion for scalability we see in much computing research, including the push for scalable human labor that propels systems like Amazon Mechanical Turk (see [20:7-9]). In a field that seeks scalable, sometimes massive social change, we also suggest tha...

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... in general, andscontribution-based communities such as Wikipedia and F/L/OSSs[36], there has been comparatively little done on communitiessengaged primarily in aesthetic and artistic production (see =-=[19]-=- forsone recent example).sAdditional work in describing thessimilarities and differences of these latter communities will besincreasing salient, given the rapid rise of user-generated mediassites (suc...

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... influence (i) the formation and (ii) the ultimate success and satisfaction of an individual’s online creative collaborations? Perhaps the work most relevant to this question is that of Luther et al. =-=[36, 37]-=-, who examined the role of leadership in large-scale animation projects on the Newgrounds website. They found that planning, reputation, and communication were key in actually realizing a proposed col...

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...like military history, medicine, or feminism), on the largestsand most active projects, and on project activities duringsWikipedia’s growth years. However, research on othersonline collaborations [15]=-=[20]-=-[25] suggest that teams withinsthe same system vary greatly in the work they do and thesways they organize their work. Furthermore, both the teamssthemselves and the nature of the work they perform ca...

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...dez 2013]. In a more mature setting, members of the Newgrounds animation site spend many hours creating collaborative games and animations. These collaborations are delicate and don’t always succeed [=-=Luther and Bruckman 2008-=-]. When they do succeed, the onus is on the leader to articulate a clear vision and communicate frequently with participants [Luther et al. 2010]. HCI pursues an understanding of how to best design fo...