Abstract: This is a history of relevant and substructural logics, written for the Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Logic, edited by Dov Gabbay and John Woods. 1 1

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The family of all stable models for a logic program has a surprisingly simple overall structure, once two naturally occurring orderings are made explicit. In a so-called knowledge ordering based on degree of definedness, every logic program P has a smallest stable model, s k P ---it is the well-founded model. There is also a dual largest stable model, S k P , which has not been considered before. There is another ordering based on degree of truth. Taking the meet and the join, in the truth ordering, of the two extreme stable models s k P and S k P just mentioned, yields the alternating fixed points of [29], denoted s t P and S t P here. From s t P and S t P in turn, s k P and S k P can be produced again, using the meet and join of the knowledge ordering. All stable models are bounded by these four valuations. Further, the methods of proof apply not just to logic programs considered classically, but to logic programs over any bilattice meeting certain co...

We introduce a new approach to dealing with the well-known logical omniscience problem in epistemic logic. Instead of taking possible worlds where each world is a model of classical propositional logic, we take possible worlds which are models of a nonstandard propositional logic we call NPL, which is somewhat related to relevance logic. This approach gives new insights into the logic of implicit and explicit'belief considered by Levesque and Lakemeyer. In particular, we show that in a precise sense agents in the structures considered by Levesque and Lakemeyer are perfect reasoners in NPL. 1

The logic of bunched implications, BI, is a substructural system which freely combines an additive (intuitionistic) and a multiplicative (linear) implication via bunches (contexts with two combining operations, one which admits Weakening and Contraction and one which does not). BI may be seen to arise from two main perspectives. On the one hand, from proof-theoretic or categorical concerns and, on the other, from a possible-worlds semantics based on preordered (commutative) monoids. This semantics may be motivated from a basic model of the notion of resource. We explain BI's proof-theoretic, categorical and semantic origins. We discuss in detail the question of completeness, explaining the essential distinction between BI with and without ? (the unit of _). We give an extensive discussion of BI as a semantically based logic of resources, giving concrete models based on Petri nets, ambients, computer memory, logic programming, and money.

Law of Residuation (in their j-th place) when f and g are contrapositives (with respect to their j-th place) and S(f; a 1 ; : : : ; a j ; : : : ; a n ; b) iff S(g; a 1 ; : : : ; b; : : : ; a n ; a j ). (5) Two operators f , g 2 OP are relatives when they satisfy the Abstract Law of Residuation in some position. (6) The family of operations OP is founded when there is a distinguished operator f 2 OP (the head) such that any other operator g 2 OP is a relative of f . Definition. A partial-gaggle is a tonoid T = (X; ; OP), in which OP is a founded family. As examples, consider a p.o. residuated groupoid, with OP chosen to be any of the following families of operations (ffi is the head of the families of which it is a member): fffig, fffi; /g, fffi; !g, fffi; /;!g, f/g, f!g. Note that f!;/g does not formally fall under our definition since the trace of one is not directly the contrapositive of the trace of the other, even though the trace of each is a contrapositive of the trace of f...

We define two logics of safety specifications for reactive systems. The logics provide a setting for the study of composition rules. The two logics arise naturally from extant specification approaches; one of the logics is intuitionistic, while the other one is linear.

What is that makes a “good ” logical model of IR? What are the guidelines that we should follow when we want to build one, and how much can we depart from these guidelines and still claim to have a logical model of IR? We have been motivated to write this note from our dissatisfaction with the fact that there seem to be many competing, incompatible views of what a logical model of IR should consist of; we think some of these views are misleading. 1 Information Retrieval and modelling In recent years, researchers in Information Retrieval (IR) have devoted an increasing amount of work to the design of models of IR, i.e. of theoretical descriptions of the IR task that could serve both as specifications for building running systems, and as theoretical tools for abstractly investigating the relative effectiveness of systems built along their guidelines. Modelling is fundamentally an activity of abstraction. A model is a description of a system that concentrates on the most important, architectural features of the system, and leaves out details that are believed not to be

We study a typing scheme derived from a semantic situation where a single category possesses several closed structures, corresponding to dierent varieties of function type. In this scheme typing contexts are trees built from two (or more) binary combining operations, or in short, bunches. Bunched typing and its logical counterpart, bunched implications, have arisen in joint work of the author and David Pym. The present paper gives a basic account of the type system, and then focusses on concrete models that illustrate how it may be understood in terms of resource access and sharing. The most

. Canonical propositional Gentzen-type systems are systems which in addition to the standard axioms and structural rules have only pure logical rules which have the subformula property, introduce exactly one occurrence of a connective in their conclusion, and no other occurrence of any connective is mentioned anywhere else in their formulation. We provide a constructive coherence criterion for the non-triviality of such systems, and show that a system of this kind admits cut elimination i it is coherent. We show also that the semantics of such systems is provided by non-deterministic two-valued matrices (2-Nmatrices). 2Nmatrices form a natural generalization of the classical two-valued matrix, and every coherent canonical system is sound and complete for one of them. Conversely, with any 2-Nmatrix it is possible to associate a coherent canonical Gentzen-type system which has for each connective at most one introduction rule for each side, and is sound and complete for th...