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We present a foundational language for distributed programming, called Lambda 5, that addresses both mobilityof code and locality of resources. In order to construct our system, we appeal to the powerful propositions-as-types interpretation of logic. Specifically, we take the possible worlds of the intuitionistic modal logic IS5 to be nodes ona network, and the connectives 2 and 3 to reflect mobility and locality, respectively. We formulate a novel systemof natural deduction for IS5, decomposing the introduction and elimination rules for 2 and 3, thereby allowing thecorresponding programs to be more direct. We then give an operational semantics to our calculus that is type-safe, logically faithful, and computationally realistic.

In this paper a language-based approach to functionally correct imperative programming is proposed. The approach is based on a programming language called RSP1, which combines dependent types, general recursion, and imperative features in a type-safe way, while preserving decidability of type checking. The methodology used is that of internal verification, where programs manipulate programmer-supplied proofs explicitly as data. The fundamental technical idea of RSP1 is to identify problematic operations as impure, and keep them out of dependent types. The resulting language is powerful enough to verify statically non-trivial properties of imperative and functional programs. The paper presents the ideas through the examples of statically verified merge sort, statically verified imperative binary search trees, and statically verified directed acyclic graphs. This paper is an extended version of [30].

Abstract. Higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) refers to the technique of representing variables of an object-language using variables of a meta-language. The standard first-order alternatives force the programmer to deal with superficial concerns such as substitutions, whose implementation is often routine, tedious, and error-prone. In this paper, we describe the underlying calculus of Delphin. Delphin is a fully implemented functional-programming language supporting reasoning over higher-order encodings and dependent types, while maintaining the benefits of HOAS. More specifically, just as representations utilizing HOAS free the programmer from concerns of handling explicit contexts and substitutions, our system permits programming over such encodings without making these constructs explicit, leading to concise and elegant programs. To this end our system distinguishes bindings of variables intended for instantiation from those that will remain uninstantiated, utilizing a variation of Miller and Tiu’s ∇-quantifier [1]. 1

The logical framework LF is a constructive type theory of dependent functions that can elegantly encode many other logical systems. Prior work has studied the benefits of extending it to the linear logical framework LLF, for the incorporation linear logic features into the type theory affords good representations of state change. We describe and argue for the usefulness of an extension of LF by features inspired by hybrid logic, which has several benefits. For one, it shows how linear logic features can be decomposed into primitive operations manipulating abstract resource labels. More importantly, it makes it possible to realize a metalogical framework capable of reasoning about stateful deductive systems encoded in the style familiar from prior work with LLF, taking advantage of familiar methodologies used for metatheoretic reasoning in LF.Acknowledgments From the very first computer science course I took at CMU, Frank Pfenning has been an exceptional teacher and mentor. For his patience, breadth of knowledge, and mathematical good taste I am extremely thankful. No less do I owe to the other two major contributors to my programming languages

In this dissertation I argue that modal type systems provide an elegant and practical means for controlling local resources in spatially distributed computer programs. A distributed program is one that executes in multiple physical or logical places. It usually does so because those places have local resources that can only be used in those locations. Such resources can include processing power, proximity to data, hardware, or the physical presence of a user. Programmers that write distributed applications therefore need to be able to reason about the places in which their programs will execute. This work provides an elegant and practical way to think about such programs in the form of a type system derived from modal logic. Modal logic allows for reasoning about truth from multiple simultaneous perspectives. These perspectives, called "worlds," are identified with the locations in the distributed program. This enables the programming language to be simultaneously aware of the various hosts involved in a program, their

Abstract. We discuss coverage checking for data that is dependently typed and is defined using higher-order abstract syntax. Unlike previous work on coverage checking that required objects to be closed, we consider open data objects, i.e. objects that may depend on some context. Our work may therefore provide insights into coverage checking in Twelf, and serve as a basis for coverage checking in functional languages such as Delphin and Beluga. More generally, our work is a foundation for proofs by case analysis in systems that reason about higher-order abstract syntax. 1

Abstract. Combining higher-order abstract syntax and (co)-induction in a logical framework is well known to be problematic. Previous work [ACM02] described the implementation of a tool called Hybrid, within Isabelle HOL, syntax, and reasoned about using tactical theorem proving and principles of (co)induction. Moreover, it is definitional, which guarantees consistency within a classical type theory. The idea is to have a de Bruijn representation of syntax, while offering tools for reasoning about them at the higher level. In this paper we describe how to use it in a multi-level reasoning fashion, similar in spirit to other meta-logics such as Linc and Twelf. By explicitly referencing provability in a middle layer called a specification logic, we solve the problem of reasoning by (co)induction in the presence of non-stratifiable hypothetical judgments, which allow very elegant and succinct specifications of object logic inference rules. We first demonstrate the method on a simple example, formally proving type soundness (subject reduction) for a fragment of a pure functional language, using a minimal intuitionistic logic as the specification logic. We then prove an analogous result for a continuation-machine presentation of the operational semantics of the same language, encoded this time in an ordered linear logic that serves as the specification layer. This example demonstrates the ease with which we can incorporate new specification logics, and also illustrates a significantly

In previous work we presented a foundational calculus for spatially distributed computing based on intuitionistic modal logic. Through the modalities # and # we were able to capture two key invariants: the mobility of portable code and the locality of fixed resources. This work

Andreas Abel Department of Computer Science, Chalmers University of Technology Rannvagen 6, SWE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden Abstract. Weak normalization for the simply-typed -calculus is proven in Twelf, an implementation of the Edinburgh Logical Framework. Since due to proof-theoretical restrictions Twelf Tait's computability method does not seem to be directly usable, a combinatorical proof is adapted and formalized instead.