A memory-based scaling model—ANCHOR—is proposed and tested. The perceived magnitude of the target stimulus is compared with a set of anchors in memory. Anchor selection is probabilistic and sensitive to similarity, base-level strength, and recency. The winning anchor provides a reference point near the target and thereby converts the global scaling problem into a local comparison. An explicit correction strategy determines the final response. Two incremental learning mechanisms update the locations and base-level activations of the anchors. This gives rise to sequential, context, transfer, practice, and other dynamic effects. The scale unfolds as an adaptive map. A hierarchy of models is tested on a battery of quantitative measures from 2 experiments in absolute identification and category rating. Category rating is a widely used method of data collection in experimental psychology. Ratings come in a wide variety of guises: psychophysical scales, similarity judgments, typicality judgments, confidence ratings, attitude questionnaires, health selfreports, and many others. The participants in all these tasks are asked to rate things using an ordered set of categories such as 1,..., 7 or strongly agree,..., strongly disagree. Most people

This paper presents an unusual prediction made by the DUAL-based model of judgment JUDGEMAP and its verification. The model is shortly presented as well as the simulation data obtained with it. These data predict that people will use the information on an irrelevant dimension when judging another dimension. This prediction is then tested in a psychological experiment and confirmed.

Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) utility models are multiattribute utility models of survival duration and health quality. This paper formulates six classes of QALY utility models and axiomatizes these models under expected utility (EU) and rank-dependent utility (RDU) assumptions. The QALY models investigated in this paper include the standard linear QALY model, the power and exponential multiplicative models, and the general multiplicative model. Emphasis is placed on a preference assumption, the zero condition, that greatly simplifies the axiomatizations under EU and RDU assumptions. The RDU axiomatizations of QALY models are generally similar to their EU counterparts, but in some cases, they require modification because linearity in probability is no longer assumed, and rank dependence introduces asymmetries between the domains of better-than-death health states and worsethan-death health states. 1999 Academic Press This paper concerns the foundations of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) utility models. QALY utility models are widely used in the expected utility analysis of health decisions because they provide an outcome measure that integrates the duration and quality of survival. Before discussing the specifics of these models, it will be helpful to motivate the discussion by describing the role played by QALY utility models in health decision analysis (Weinstein et al., 1980; Sox, Blatt,

This review article attempts to highlight from my personal perspective some of the major developments in the representational theory of measurement during the past 50 years. Emphasis is placed on the ongoing interplay between the development of abstract theory and the attempts to apply it to empirically testable phenomena. The article has four major sections. The first concerns classical representational measurement, which was the successful attempt to formulate the major measurement methods of classical physics: extensive and additive conjoint structures, their distributive interlock in dimensional analysis, and intensive (averaging) structures. The second illustrates a nontrivial behavioral example using both extensive and conjoint measurement plus functional equations to arrive at rank- and sign-dependent utility (also called cumulative prospect) representations for decision making under risk. The third section, contemporary representational measurement, somewhat overlaps the classical one but includes new findings and approaches: representations of nonadditive concatenation and conjoint structures; a general theory of scale types; results for general, finitely unique, homogeneous structures; structures that are homogeneous between singular points; generalized distributive triples; and a generalization of dimensional analysis to include any ratio scalable attribute; and the concept of meaningfulness. The final section concerns applications of the latter ideas to psychophysical scaling and merging functions.] 1996 Academic Press, Inc. 1.

A theory recently proposed by Luce (2001) details qualitative assumptions underlying methods of sensory integration, magnitude scaling, and cross-modality matching. Apart from judgments of ordering and proportion, the theory invokes a psychological concatenation operation, something that does not often appear in psychological applications. One such operation is the focus of the present investigation in which concatenation is realized as the sequential presentation of two noise samples which the auditory system is thought to integrate temporally with respect to loudness. To that end, two 50 ms-bursts of white noise in immediate succession but differing in intensity were presented diotically to each participant. The task was to adjust the loudness of a third 50 ms-noise burst so that its loudness matched that of the composite noise. The theory leads to two distinct pairs of properties for the operation: either commutative and associative or non-commutative and bisymmetric. Commutativity means that the temporal order of a stimulus pair does not alter the match; associativity means that the two groupings of three stimuli in fixed order have the same match; and bisymmetry means that in a grouping of four ordered stimuli into two pairs, an interchange of the two middle stimuli leads to the same match.

Visual interpolation between dots responsible for rectilinear versus curvilinear contour interpretation was examined with the psychophysical forced directional response (FDR) paradigm. Regular four-dot polygon segments, together with a target dot, were presented to the subjects for 150 ms. Subjects were required to indicate the direction of deviation of the target dot from the midpoint of the intermediate line segment. Crucial variables were the outer angle of the line segments and symmetry axis orientation of the polygon segment. Logistic regression analyses showed that curvilinear interpolation occurred for angles up to 30, but emerged more pervasively under the vertical symmetry axis orientation for angles up to 60. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analyzing labor supply behavior with latent job opportunity

Analyzing labor supply behavior with latent job opportunity sets and institutional choice constraints

Abstract not found

ordinal scales into an ordinal scale: a state of the art